Abstract
There is a dire need for sustainable and renewable energy sources. Carbon dioxide (CO2) transformation by photochemical and electrochemical reduction reactions (CO2RR) is promising for producing valuable products. Both these technologies have demonstrated incredible potential to produce zero-carbon-emission fuels. Hence, reducing CO2 needs catalysts as a climacteric tool regardless of its reaction-modes, such as photocatalytic, photoelectrocatalytic, and electrocatalytic. In this review, the fundamentals, concepts, mechanisms, related photo and electrocatalysts, role of photosensitizers, interaction of CO2 with surfaces of electrodes, enzyme assisted photocatalytic reduction, and recent developments in single-atom catalysis for CO2 reduction along with future perspectives have been documented in details.
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