Revision of the Failed Sphincter Pharyngoplasty

Abstract

This paper reports results of surgical management of failed sphincter pharyngoplasties that were performed for velopharyngeal dysfunction. Revisional surgery consisted of tightening of the sphincter pharyngoplasty port or reinsertion of sphincter pharyngoplasty flaps following dehiscence. We critique the anatomic abnormalities associated with unacceptable vocal resonance and nasal air escape following sphincter pharyngoplasty and analyze the effect of sphincter pharyngoplasty revision on ultimate speech outcome. The results of initial sphincter pharyngoplasty surgery were evaluated in 46 patients with velopharyngeal dysfunction. Nine (20 percent) of these patients were considered surgical failures because of persistent hypernasality and/or nasal turbulence on perceptual speech evaluation at least 3 months postoperatively. These patients underwent sphincter pharyngoplasty revision and form the basis of this report. All patients who failed sphincter pharyngoplasty initially underwent both preoperative and postoperative perceptual speech evaluations, lateral phonation radiographic studies with still reference views, and flexible nasendoscopic studies. Evaluations of upper airway status were conducted by the same experienced otolaryngologist. Following sphincter pharyngoplasty revision, 7 of 9 (78 percent) patients demonstrated resolution of velopharyngeal dysfunction, and to some degree, all patients managed with revision became hyponasal. The primary cause of failure was partial or complete flap dehiscence; a secondary cause was hypotonicity of the velopharyngeal mechanism. Failure was not correlated with the level of insertion of the pharyngoplasty flaps with respect to the point of attempted velopharyngeal contact. Sphincter pharyngoplasty is an effective means of management for velopharyngeal dysfunction in many patients. The objective of removing the stigmata of velopharyngeal dysfunction without causing upper airway obstruction may not be realistic in some patients with microretrognathia (i.e., Pierre Robin sequence), in whom anatomic constraints predispose to flap dehiscence. Problems with surgical technique contributing to failure appear to be related to experience of the surgeon, and improvement in outcome can be anticipated as the "learning curve" is overcome.