Reviewing the Concepts of Productivity Management

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Experts and academics in disciplines including economics, industrial and organisational psychology, accounting, physics, engineering, and management have previously focused on productivity. They define and interpret productivity differently as a result of their varied understandings of knowledge, experience, fields, and environmental factors. Many factors are effective in the definition and views of different schools towards productivity, about that how organizations, Groups, Human beings, Machines work in different environments and how their productivity should be measured each, and discipline has its own principles and insights. Considering that the importance of management concepts is due to their role in the organization's productivity, managers should work on productivity both in the short term and in the long term to avoid the challenges caused by the lack of productivity growth. This research systematically examines the concept of productivity and identifies factors affecting it based on Joseph Prokopenko's model. The purpose of this article is to examine the different ways of dealing with the concepts of "productivity" in the literature and to show that the definitions used regarding productivity do not follow a common grammar. Due to a misunderstanding of the concepts of productivity and the factors affecting it, most measurement and improvement methods are used without a clear understanding of what should be measured or improved. Therefore, this study reviews the concepts of productivity, examines the main factors of productivity (efficiency and effectiveness) and explains the different relationships between input and output in productivity, and explains the factors affecting productivity based on Joseph Prokopenko's model.