Abstract
The geographical distribution of lumpy skin disease (LSD), an economically important cattle disease caused by a capripoxvirus, has reached an unprecedented extent. Vaccination is the only way to prevent the spread of the infection in endemic and newly affected regions. Yet, in the event of an outbreak, selection of the best vaccine is a major challenge for veterinary authorities and farmers. Decision makers need sound scientific information to support their decisions and subsequent actions. The available vaccine products vary in terms of quality, efficacy, safety, side effects, and price. The pros and cons of different types of live attenuated and inactivated vaccines, vaccination strategies, and associated risks are discussed. Seroconversion, which typically follows vaccination, places specific demands on the tools and methods used to evaluate the effectiveness of the LSD vaccination campaigns in the field. We aimed to give a comprehensive update on available vaccines and vaccination against LSD, to better prepare affected and at-risk countries to control LSD and ensure the safe trade of cattle.
Highlights
Large-scale regional vaccination of cattle and Asian water buffalos (Bubalus bubalis) is the most effective tool to halt the spread of lumpy skin disease (LSD) and to minimize cattle production losses caused by outbreaks [1]
Successful eradication of the disease in the Balkans [7] demonstrates that LSD can be effectively controlled when there is a regional willingness to harmonize measures required to prevent the spread of the disease, including vaccines, vaccination campaigns, restrictions relating to cattle movements and trade, a feasible stamping out policy, disinfection, and vector control
We review the currently available vaccines against LSD, as well as vaccination strategies in countries where LSD is endemic or in countries that face a high risk of LSD introduction
Summary
Large-scale regional vaccination of cattle and Asian water buffalos (Bubalus bubalis) is the most effective tool to halt the spread of lumpy skin disease (LSD) and to minimize cattle production losses caused by outbreaks [1]. Delays may occur at times of high international demand for good quality vaccines, i.e., when the disease is spreading rapidly through new territories, existing producers cannot meet purchase requests. Such logistical or bureaucratic factors may seriously hamper the timely response to an LSD outbreak
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