Abstract
Several studies have highlighted the roles played by the gut microbiome in central nervous system diseases. Clinical symptoms and neuropathology have suggested that Parkinson’s disease may originate in the gut, which is home to approximately 100 trillion microbes. Alterations in the gastrointestinal microbiota populations may promote the development and progression of Parkinson’s disease. Here, we reviewed existing studies that have explored the role of intestinal dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease, focusing on the roles of microbiota, their metabolites, and components in inflammation, barrier failure, microglial activation, and α-synuclein pathology. We conclude that there are intestinal dysbiosis in Parkinson’s disease. Intestinal dysbiosis is likely involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease through mechanisms that include barrier destruction, inflammation and oxidative stress, decreased dopamine production, and molecular mimicry. Additional studies remain necessary to explore and verify the mechanisms through which dysbiosis may cause or promote Parkinson’s disease. Preclinical studies have shown that gastrointestinal microbial therapy may represent an effective and novel treatment for Parkinson’s disease; however, more studies, especially clinical studies, are necessary to explore the curative effects of microbial therapy in Parkinson’s disease.
Highlights
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer’s disease
GF animals are widely used in the study of gut microbiota and PD, but have we considered that GF animals have immune deficiency?
In an in vitro study that explored the effects of probiotics on mediators of inflammation and oxidative damage in primary blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from PD patients, Lactobacillus salivarius (LS01) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA02) significantly decreased all proinflammatory cytokines, increased anti-inflammatory cytokines, and significantly reduced reactive oxygen species production (Magistrelli et al, 2019)
Summary
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer’s disease. PD patients contained fewer members of the family Lachnospiracae (Hill-Burns et al, 2017; Jin et al, 2019) and the genus Faecalibacterium (Keshavarzian et al, 2015; Unger et al, 2016), two kinds of probiotics producing SCFAs, in their intestinal tracts Consistent with this finding, current studies have reported decreased fecal concentrations of SCFAs (Perez-Pardo et al, 2018). In an in vitro study that explored the effects of probiotics on mediators of inflammation and oxidative damage in primary blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from PD patients, Lactobacillus salivarius (LS01) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA02) significantly decreased all proinflammatory cytokines, increased anti-inflammatory cytokines, and significantly reduced reactive oxygen species production (Magistrelli et al, 2019).
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