Abstract
These sequences are interspaced short palindromic repeats in regularly clustered manner known as CRISPRs. These sequences are derived from bacteria and archaea and have adaptive immune systems. Modified RNA is used as target for identification of DNA. The nucleic acids are destroyed with Cas enzyme. There are several multidrug resistance bacteria which are gradually increasing it's resistance against most of the present antibiotics. Multidrug resistance bacteria such as Staphylococci and enterococci may cause resistant against almost all antibiotics. Therefore, lives of million' speople are at greater risk due to these multidrug resistant infectious bacteria. Due to lack of novel therapeutic techniques multidrug-resistant bacteria are being out of control with continual increase of their infections. The bacteria and archaea are protected against invading nucleic acids. Therefore, this CRISPR-Cas system is considered as immune system. The bacterial pathogens of clinical significance can be killed by using phage mids (plasmids packed into phage capsids) of CRISPR-cas9 tool. This sequence specific targeting makes CRISPR Cas system unique for the detection of pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. This review describes CRISPR Cas technology, its types, Cas delivery vehicle, mechanism, challenges with their solutions and future perspectives. Keywords: CRISPR-Cas; Challenges; Delivery; Drug resistance bacteria; Types http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90259
Highlights
Introduction the common infections may remainThe various uses of antibiotics are observed untreatable due to antimicrobial resistance since their discovery in 1929, for the which exhibits serious threat to modern treatments or either to inhibit bacterial medicine
The different strategies are highlighted here to be utilized in future to inhibit bacterial resistance
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) Cas systems are causing the development in medication of multidrugresistant infections because they use sequence information to remove single bacterial strains in selective and particular manner
Summary
The various uses of antibiotics are observed untreatable due to antimicrobial resistance since their discovery in 1929, for the which exhibits serious threat to modern treatments or either to inhibit bacterial medicine. The different strategies are highlighted here to be utilized in future to inhibit bacterial resistance These strategies include CRISPR–Cas, use of nanotechnology and treatment with bacteriophages nanoparticles. Different techniques and resistance mechanisms like beta-lactamase, efflux pump, and quorum sensing inhibitors, as well as bacteriophages and new drug delivery systems increase the activity mechanism of antibiotics by reducing or blocking these mechanism [22- 25]. CRISPR Cas systems are causing the development in medication of multidrugresistant infections because they use sequence information to remove single bacterial strains in selective and particular manner. They are more generalized and customizable techniques. The bacterial species and strains can be killed with both heterologous and endogenous systems and this study was reported by Gomaa in 2014
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