Abstract
Ultra-wideband (UWB) phased array antennas are essential for radar, communication, and Electronic Warfare (EW) applications. Systems can operate over wide-band coverage. The high gain systems require wide-band, wide-angle scanning, good radiation pattern, and return loss over a multi-octave bandwidth. This review discusses the problems present in the UWB phased array system, which include mutual coupling, grating lobe rejection, active return loss, gain fluctuation with scanning, and multiple beam generation. In this, the aperture size of the array is limited by the overall gain requirement of the system. On the other hand, low gain systems require a wide-band with a good radiation pattern and axial ratio. Here the matching over wide-band is simpler as it depends on broadband balun configuration. This system has limited bandwidth over scan angles. These antennas are more preferred as wearable antennas in communication applications. This paper mainly discusses the existing UWB phased array antennas such as Vivaldi Arrays, All-metal Arrays, Spiral Arrays, Sinuous Arrays, and Coupled Arrays. This review paper presents a correct direction for selecting the type of antenna in terms of impedance bandwidth, gain, and materials influencing antenna performance, suited for different applications.
Highlights
Rather than using a single large antenna, several isolated elements can be used in an array to achieve a similar kind of performance
The antenna arrays are more popular due to their high directivity and high gain, which is essential for the majority of applications such as communications, radars, satellites, electronic warfare, and radio astronomy
Phased array antenna provides a unique feature of electronic scanning of the radiation pattern
Summary
Rather than using a single large antenna, several isolated elements can be used in an array to achieve a similar kind of performance. There is an interest in developing UWB antennas that can offer greater performance, such as high gain, conformal, low weight, wide bandwidth, simultaneous multiple-beams, and wide scan capability for phased array applications. They become more attractive and useful in a wide variety of applications if they provide dual or circular polarization. A low profile version of Vivaldi called BAVAs (Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi Arrays) was developed to achieve 10:1 impedance bandwidth over 1.8 to 18GHz [22] Even though these array antennas provide wide impedance bandwidth, they undergo unwanted radiation and loss of polarization purity during scanning.
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