Review on the Global Public Health Issue of Antibiotic Resistance and Potential Solutions

Abstract

Both industrialized and developing nations are extremely concerned about the worldwide spread of infectious diseases and the rise of antibiotic resistance. It is common for bacteria to develop resistance to antibiotics, and this phenomenon has been observed after the introduction of every antimicrobial drug into clinical practice. When bacteria adapt, the effectiveness of medications used to treat the infection is decreased or eliminated. This phenomenon is known as resistance. As a result, the germs continue to grow and cause additional damage. Due to the fact that the current antibiotics in clinical use were produced through changes to the existing classes and have demonstrated short effect cycles, a report indicated that there would be a global antibiotic shortage. The main contributing variables include population density and mobility, proper use of human antibiotics, and sub-therapeutic and excessive use of antibiotics in food animals. Manufacturers of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and drug resistance Major concerns to global public health include Neisseria gonorrhoeae, tuberculosis, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. At the moment, antibiotic resistance places a significant clinical and financial burden. Due to the requirement for more expensive medications for the second line of therapy and significantly longer hospital stays, antibiotic resistance has a significant financial impact on the patient and family, the hospital, and society. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, antibiotic resistance causes 23,000 fatalities and over 2 million illnesses annually in the United States alone. With 27.3 deaths per 100,000 people, Africa has the highest mortality rate from AMR infections in the whole globe.