Review on Schistosomiasis: Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestation up to Date

Abstract

Schistosomiasis is a parasite disease that affects both humans and animals and is brought on by the blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. It is one of the world’s most enduring neglected tropical diseases. Sub-Saharians make up more than 90% of them, and a significant portion of Ethiopians are afflicted and at risk. It spread across the entire nation and was correlated with the rapid development of water resources and population growth. The two species of freshwater snails, Biomphalaria pfeifferi and Biomphalaria sudanica, are responsible for the parasite’s transmission in Ethiopia. Compared to the three primary schistosomes that infect people, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma intercalatum, and Schistosoma mekongi have less of an epidemiological impact. Geographically, S. haematobium and S. mansoni are more common in Africa than other species. Epidemiological coverage is also influenced by seasonal distributions throughout the postrainy season, as well as the cold and dry seasons. The organs and systems implicated in its pathogenic dissemination include the intestines, urogenital systems, the pulmonary system, the liver, spleen, and the brain. Ecological change and sociocultural influences are risk factors for water contamination. Regarding clinical symptoms, the penetration of cercariae into the dermis, cercarial dermatitis, acute schistosomiasis, and the chronic stage of infection are significant. Mammals and snails serve as the two hosts for the schistosome life cycle. It can be diagnosed through clinical exams and laboratory techniques. Praziquantel can be used to treat this condition, and it can be prevented by taking precautions during ecological shifts that may result in epidemics. Other measures to take include providing clean water, maintaining good hygiene, controlling mosquitoes, and spreading health awareness.