Abstract
Malaria is a mosquito borne infectious disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium. Humans are mainly infected by P. falciparum , P. vivax , P. ovale and P. malariae . Around 44% of world’s population is at risk from malaria. Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. The clinical features of malaria vary. The most characteristic symptom are fever, headache, lassitude, loss of appetite, muscle pain and chills, resulting in uncontrollable shivering with teeth chattering. Diagnosis of malaria is achieved by light microscopy, rapid diagnostic tests, polymerase chain reaction. Management of malaria includes general measures to be taken to save life of the person and prevention of recrudescence using drugs and other supportive measures. Parasite resistance to antimalarial medicines is a major threat to achieving malaria control and eventual elimination. The most important problem associated with the management of malaria are resistant to or is developing resistance to the most widely available, affordable and safest first line treatments. Prevention of malaria includes vector control to disrupt transmission from mosquito to human, prevention of infection and treatment after infection. V. amygdalina commonly called bitter leaf in English and ‘Girawa’ in Amharic. V. amygdalina has antimalarial properties and the aqueous extract of Vernonia amygdalina leaves exhibit antimalarial activity on P.falcifarum, P.vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae . Malaria is one of the life-threatening diseases. Moreover, Vernonia amygdalina can be used for the treatment of malaria in rural communities. Keywords: Antimalarial activity, Ethiopia, Malaria, V. amygdalina . DOI : 10.7176/JHMN/60-01 Publication date :March 31 st 2019
Highlights
Malaria is a mosquito borne infections disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium (Odeh and Usman, 2014).Around 44% of world’s population is at risk from malaria
Based on clinical studies involving both travelers to and residents of endemic areas, the overall sensitivity and specificity of rapid antigen detection tests (RDTs) for the detection of falciparum malaria are over 90%
Travelers to malaria endemic areas are recommended to take drugs to prevent malaria (Kathryn et al, 2004)
Summary
Malaria is a mosquito borne infections disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium (Odeh and Usman, 2014).Around 44% of world’s population is at risk from malaria. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Techniques to detect parasite deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), based on the polymerase chain reaction, are highly sensitive and very useful for detecting mixed infections, in particular at low parasite densities They are useful for studies on drug resistance and other specialized epidemiological investigations, but they are not generally available for large-scale field use in malaria endemic areas (WHO, 2010).most PCR assays do not have sufficiently rapid turnaround times to be clinically useful; PCR remains largely an investigational tool (Kathryn et al, 2004). Drugs with longer terminal elimination half-lives have the advantage of providing a longer post-treatment prophylactic effect, which appears to be important for their action in intermittent preventive therapy (IPT) in high-risk groups such as pregnant women, infants and young children These longacting antimalarials have the disadvantage of residual concentrations inhibiting sensitive parasites far longer than resistant parasites, fuelling the spread of resistance. Point mutations in mitochondrially encoded cytochrome b gene (Srivastava, 1999)
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