Abstract
Power utilities implement cyber-security defence with a philosophy of defence in-depth. Firewall and air-gapped systems are widely used to harden cybersecurity defence of critical power system infrastructure. However, cyber-attack, such as global positioning system (GPS) spoofing, that can compromise the air-gap system has not been investigated thoroughly. As a geographically dispersed cyber-physical system, the power system relies heavily on the GPS to keep time synchronisation of different parts with high precision. GPS spoofing-based time synchronisation attack (TSA) could induce disorder in time synchronisation, and negatively impact or even disable monitoring and control function of the power system via their operation mechanism. The principles of GPS-based time synchronisation and GPS spoofing-based TSA are introduced. Time synchronisation and operation mechanism of typical monitoring and control systems of the power systems are analysed. Thereafter, the consequences of TSA against these systems are analysed. Various techniques that can be used to defend against TSA are depicted and their performances are analysed.
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