Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the most widely studied endocrine disrupting chemicals because of its structural similarity to 17-β estradiol; its ability to bind as an agonist/antagonist to estrogen receptors elicits adverse effects on the functioning of the metabolic and endocrinal system. Therefore, BPA has been thoroughly scrutinized concerning its disruption of pathways like lipid metabolism, steroidogenesis, insulin signaling, and inflammation. This has resulted in reports of its correlation with various aspects of cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, male and female reproductive disorders, and dysfunctions. Among these, the occurrence of the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in premenopausal women is of great concern. PCOS is a highly prevalent disorder affecting women in their reproductive age and is clinically characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology, along with metabolism-related dysfunctions like hyperinsulinemia, obesity, and insulin resistance. In this review, we analyzed certain researched effects of BPA, while focusing on its ability to alter the expression of various significant genes like GnRH, AdipoQ, ESR1, StAR, CYP11A1, CYP19A1, and many more involved in the pathways and endocrine regulation, whose disruption is commonly associated with the clinical manifestations of PCOS.
Highlights
As time passes and human needs evolve, there is a demand for the modernization of industries
Many observational studies have researched the alteration in gene expression by evaluating the levels of their transcribed mRNA, in various aspects like the disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis, disruption of steroidogenic and metabolic pathways and their results can be associated with the pathophysiology and manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) (Table 2)
This observation is seen in a study conducted by Xi et al (2011) on CD-1 mice, perinatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) causes upregulation of KISS1 mRNA and GNRH mRNA in adults, which in turn causes alteration in the gene expression of gonadotropins (FSHB, LHB) and their receptors (FSHR, LHCGR)
Summary
As time passes and human needs evolve, there is a demand for the modernization of industries. The most common pathological effects observed in laboratory studies with, and peer-reviewed human studies are obesity, cardiovascular diseases, hyperinsulinemia, thyroid, hypertension, ovarian and testicular developmental issues, PCOS, and cancer (Michałowicz 2014) (Fig. 1). It focuses on gene expression and endocrinal regulation in animal models and in vitro cultures of human cell lines, because of the limitations like. Many observational studies have researched the alteration in gene expression by evaluating the levels of their transcribed mRNA, in various aspects like the disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis, disruption of steroidogenic and metabolic pathways and their results can be associated with the pathophysiology and manifestations of PCOS (Table 2). E2 decreases the expression of KISS1 mRNA in ARC and increases KISS1 mRNA in AVPA, resulting in negative and positive feedback
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