Abstract
AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuro-developmental disorder. The symptoms of ADHD include difficulty in attention, memory and impulse control. Many pharmaceutical formulations (stimulants and non-stimulants) are available on the market to treat ADHD symptoms. The most commonly used drugs for treatment are amphetamine, methylphenidate, atomoxetine, bupropion, guanfacine and clonidine. In the field of pharmaceuticals, bioanalysis is an important tool used for the quantification of drugs and their metabolites present in biological samples using various analytical methods. Although a number of analytical methods were reported for the quantification of these drugs in biological samples of experimental animals, due to species differences, it is important to develop analytical methods to quantify these drugs in human biological samples to aid forensic and pharmacokinetic studies. In this review, we compile the bio-analytical methods such as spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, liquid chromatography and gas chromatography used for the quantification of ADHD drugs in human biological samples such as blood, plasma, serum, oral fluids, sweat, hair and urine based on earlier published articles from various journals.
Highlights
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric condition and neuro-developmental disorder typically seen in children, with symptoms including lack of Bioanalysis is described as qualitative and quantitative measurement of drugs and their metabolites present in biological samples such as blood, plasma, serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, breath, sweat, hair and urine
A number of analytical methods were reported for the quantification of these drugs in biological samples of experimental animals, due to species differences, it is important to develop analytical methods to quantify these drugs in human biological samples to aid forensic and pharmacokinetic studies
We compile the bio-analytical methods such as spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, mass spectrometry, electrophoresis, liquid chromatography and gas chromatography used for the quantification of ADHD drugs in human biological samples such as blood, plasma, serum, oral fluids, sweat, hair and urine based on earlier published articles from various journals
Summary
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric condition and neuro-developmental disorder typically seen in children, with symptoms including lack of Bioanalysis is described as qualitative and quantitative measurement of drugs and their metabolites present in biological samples such as blood, plasma, serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, breath, sweat, hair and urine. Bioanalysis of ADHD drugs in human samples 131 forensic and bioequivalence studies [26,27]. The steps involved in bioanalysis are sample collection, sample preparation and sample analysis [28]. Sample preparation is considered one of the most important steps as it removes interferences and pre-concentrates the analytes of interest to achieve good accuracy and precision. The most important methods for sample preparation include liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), protein precipitation (PP) and solid phase extraction (SPE) [29]. After a sample preparation procedure, high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectroscopy [30] is used for detection and quantification of drugs in biological samples
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