Abstract
Ammonia emissions from naturally ventilated livestock buildings (NVLBs) pose a serious environmental problem. However, the mechanisms that control these emissions are still not fully understood. One promising method for understanding these mechanisms is physical modelling in wind tunnels. This paper reviews studies that have used this method to investigate flow or pollutant dispersion within or from NVLBs. The review indicates the importance of wind tunnels for understanding the flow and pollutant dispersion processes within and from NVLBs. However, most studies have investigated the flow, while only few studies have focused on pollutant dispersion. Furthermore, only few studies have simulated all the essential parameters of the approaching boundary layer. Therefore, this paper discusses these shortcomings and provides tips and recommendations for further research in this respect.
Highlights
Excess ammonia emissions into the atmosphere pose a serious environmental issue.Gaseous ammonia reacts with other atmospheric species and transforms into fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ), such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate
This shedding prediction is the central issue of most computational fluid dynamics (CFD) turbulent models based on the so-called Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS), as unsteady fluctuations cannot be reproduced by these models [15]
Interior details have a significant impact on flow and turbulence inside an naturally ventilated livestock buildings (NVLBs)
Summary
Excess ammonia emissions into the atmosphere pose a serious environmental issue. Gaseous ammonia reacts with other atmospheric species and transforms into fine particulate matter (PM2.5 ), such as ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate. To obtain representative (i.e., statistically steady) data that relate the flow within the building with the outdoor wind, one needs to perform air velocity measurements under steady conditions and for a sufficiently long time. The validation process is even more crucial for predicting flows and pollutant dispersions around bluff bodies with sharp edges (the flow around NVLBs is an excellent example), where unsteady turbulent vortices of different length and timescales are shed into the surrounding flow [14,15] This shedding prediction is the central issue of most CFD turbulent models based on the so-called Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS), as unsteady fluctuations cannot be reproduced by these models [15].
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