Abstract
Simple SummaryAnaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-rearranged non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was first reported in 2007. Following the development of crizotinib as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting ALK, the treatment of advanced NSCLC with ALK-rearrangements has made remarkable progress. Currently, there are five ALK-TKIs approved by the FDA, and the development of new agents, including fourth-generation TKI, is ongoing. Clinical trials with angiogenesis inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors are also underway, and further progress in the treatment of ALK-rearranged advanced NSCLC is expected. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide information on the recent clinical trials of ALK-TKIs, angiogenesis inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and chemotherapy, to describe tissue and liquid biopsy as a method to investigate the mechanisms of resistance against ALK-TKIs and suggest a proposed treatment algorithm.Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement (ALK) was first reported in 2007. ALK-rearranged NSCLC accounts for about 3–8% of NSCLC. The first-line therapy for ALK-rearranged advanced NSCLC is tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) targeting ALK. Following the development of crizotinib, the first ALK-TKI, patient prognosis has been greatly improved. Currently, five TKIs are approved by the FDA. In addition, clinical trials of the novel TKI, ensartinib, and fourth-generation ALK-TKI for compound ALK mutation are ongoing. Treatment with angiogenesis inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors is also being studied. However, as the disease progresses, cancers tend to develop resistance mechanisms. In addition to ALK mutations, other mechanisms, including the activation of bypass signaling pathways and histological transformation, cause resistance, and the identification of these mechanisms is important in selecting subsequent therapy. Studies on tissue and liquid biopsy have been reported and are expected to be useful tools for identifying resistance mechanisms. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide information on the recent clinical trials of ALK-TKIs, angiogenesis inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and chemotherapy to describe tissue and liquid biopsy as a method to investigate the mechanisms of resistance against ALK-TKIs and suggest a proposed treatment algorithm.
Highlights
These results demonstrated that for patients who, for some reason, do not have anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement (ALK)-rearrangement identified in tissue samples, there is an opportunity to treat with ALK-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) based on blood-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) results
In the final report of J-ALEX, there was no prolongation of median overall survival (mOS) in the alectinib arm compared with the crizotinib arm (NR vs. 43.7 months, HR: 0.80, p = 0.3860)
In the group previously treated with crizotinib and a second-generation ALK-TKI, median progression-free survival (mPFS) was 1.9 months
Summary
Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) was first discovered as a fusion partner in the (2;5). ALK regulates several pathways involved in cell survival, proliferation, and cell cycling, including the AKT/PI3K [3] and STAT3 pathways [4,5]. The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like-4 fusion gene was cell discovered in non-small lung [6]. Cancer fusion gene(EML4)-ALK was discovered in non-small lung cancer (NSCLC)cell in 2007. Treatment for ALK-rearranged has made remarkable progress. Clinical trials of In angiogenesis inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and checkpoint inhibitors, and combination therapy of platinum doublet chemotherapy andIn combination therapy of platinum doublet chemotherapy and ALK-TKI are ongoing.
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