Abstract
AbstractDesign is inherently affected by human-related factors and it is of no surprise that the fine-tuning of instruments capable of measuring aspects of human behavior has attracted interest in the design field. The recalled instruments include a variety of devices that capture and quantitatively assess people's unintentional and unconscious reactions and that are generally referred as neurophysiological or biometric. The number of experimental applications of these instruments in design was extremely limited as of 2016, when Lohmeyer and Meboldt published a first report on relevant measures and their interpretation in design. In the last few years, the number of relevant publications has increased dramatically and this determines the opportunity to carry out a comprehensive review in the field. The reviewed contributions are analyzed and classified according to, among others, instruments used, the kind of stakeholders involved and the supported design research activities. The role of biometric measures with respect to traditional research methods is emphasized too. The discussed instruments can represent supports or substitutes for traditional approaches, as well as they are capable of exploring phenomena that could not be addressed hitherto. The intensity of research concerning experiments with biometric measurements is discussed too; a particular focus of the final discussion is the individuation of obstacles that prevent them from becoming commonplace in design research.
Highlights
Human factors are considered of paramount importance in design practice and research, their unpredictability represents an obstacle to the creation of models that include individuals in the design process (Papalambros, 2010)
The findings show that objects featured by higher attractiveness rates tend to display larger numbers of fixations with particular reference to those Areas of Interest (AOIs) critical for evaluations and preference formation
Adjective-based design is supported by the results provided by Dogan et al (2018), who use vessel hulls in their case study to infer which parts of the product are critical to the designation of specific adjectives
Summary
Human factors are considered of paramount importance in design practice and research, their unpredictability represents an obstacle to the creation of models that include individuals in the design process (Papalambros, 2010). The present paper takes for granted the functioning of the mentioned devices, the measures that are extracted, the events that are detected, for example fixations and saccades as for ET, and the phenomena that are commonly inferred, e.g. arousal as a result of the sudden increase of people’s sweat captured by GSR meters Such information can be independently extracted by contributions discussed in the paper, such as Liu et al (2014), Hill and Bohil (2016), Lohmeyer and Meboldt (2016), Balters and Steinert (2017), Ergan et al (2019), and Nguyen et al (2019). Based on previous findings (from design or other scientific domains) and/or logical deductions, some hypotheses are formulated that link, among others, biometric and traditionally extracted variables These experiments verify whether biometric measures are capable of describing a given phenomenon in an expected way and, in positive cases, the verification of the hypotheses support their usability for extracting design-related information in a reliable way. Additional characterizations of the experiments will be introduced in the followings: as this additional classification slightly differs for product evaluation and designer-related contributions, it will be presented in the two corresponding sections
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