Abstract
Electroencephalographic neurofeedback (EEG-NFB) represents a broadly used method that involves a real-time EEG signal measurement, immediate data processing with the extraction of the parameter(s) of interest, and feedback to the individual in a real-time. Using such a feedback loop, the individual may gain better control over the neurophysiological parameters, by inducing changes in brain functioning and, consequently, behavior. It is used as a complementary treatment for a variety of neuropsychological disorders and improvement of cognitive capabilities, creativity or relaxation in healthy subjects. In this review, various types of EEG-NFB training are described, including training of slow cortical potentials (SCPs) and frequency and coherence training, with their main results and potential limitations. Furthermore, some general concerns about EEG-NFB methodology are presented, which still need to be addressed by the NFB community. Due to the heterogeneity of research designs in EEG-NFB protocols, clear conclusions on the effectiveness of this method are difficult to draw. Despite that, there seems to be a well-defined path for the EEG-NFB research in the future, opening up possibilities for improvement.
Highlights
The first attempts of electroencephalographic neurofeedback (EEG-NFB) implementation began in the 1960s
The method is implemented in many private clinical practices around the world [4]
This review aims to give an overview of the current status of the EEG-NFB by introducing its common types, the problems that it faces and possible future perspective
Summary
The first attempts of electroencephalographic neurofeedback (EEG-NFB) implementation began in the 1960s. EEG-NFB studies and therapies controlling for the muscle activity are still scarce, the authors argue that it is essential to measure the muscle activity Another issue, related to the transfer problem, is confusion caused by the use of the term sensorimotor rhythm (SMR). The unresolved issue is the amount of specificity of the EEG-NFB therapies It raises a question of how much success in the modulation of the brain activity or behavior is due to actual training as opposed to non-specific factors that can significantly contribute to the results [5, 10, 11, 12, 78, 85, 86, 100]. The level of attention, a locus of control, well-being and motivation are important factors to consider [5]
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