Abstract
At the moment, macroalgae blooms in sea waters, the rotting of which causes greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to the formation of a negative ecological and economic situation in coastal zones, which has become a serious problem. Fuel production through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of macroalgae and marine debris is a promising solution to this ecological problem. The article provides an overview of studies on producing fuel from macroalgae and an assessment of the possibility of their joint recovery with marine debris. The optimal process conditions and their technological efficiency were evaluated. The article shows the feasibility of using heterogeneous catalysis and co-solvent to increase the yield of bio-oil and improve its quality. An assessment of the possibility of joint processing of waste macroalgae and marine debris showed the inexpediency of this direction. The high degree of drift macroalgae contamination also raises the question of the appropriateness of the preliminary extraction of other valuable components for nutrition use, such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and their derivatives.
Highlights
It was found that macroalgae are carbohydrate-rich due to their cellulose and hemicellulose contents in the cell wall
This leads to macroalgae having a lower bio-crude yield compared to the microalgae, which are richer in lipids
Due to a high content of carbohydrates, excessive organic acids are formed during the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process and decrease the pH
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) refers to a thermochemical process in which biomass and organic waste are decomposed by the action of supercritical (i.e., the water pressure and temperature are above the critical point of 374 ◦ C and 22.1 MPa) or subcritical water (i.e., when the water temperature is significantly below the critical point). Liquid organic fraction (bio-oil) is obviously the most valuable product among them In this regard, the majority of current research is devoted to the search for methods to increase the yield of bio-oil, including the use of catalysts [25,26], the selection of solvents for the extraction of bio-oil from an aqueous solution [27], and the joint processing of various types of raw materials [28]. This article touches upon algae composition, bio-oil yield, product quality, and methods of intensifying the process of hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
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