Abstract
Due to advances in telemedicine, mobile medical care, wearable health monitoring, and electronic skin, great efforts have been directed to non-invasive monitoring and treatment of disease. These processes generally involve disease detection from interstitial fluid (ISF) instead of blood, and transdermal drug delivery. However, the quantitative extraction of ISF and the level of drug absorption are greatly affected by the individual’s skin permeability, which is closely related to the properties of the stratum corneum (SC). Therefore, measurement of SC impedance has been proposed as an appropriate way for assessing individual skin differences. In order to figure out the current status and research direction of human SC impedance detection, investigations regarding skin impedance measurement have been reviewed in this paper. Future directions are concluded after a review of impedance models, electrodes, measurement methods and systems, and their applications in treatment. It is believed that a well-matched skin impedance model and measurement method will be established for clinical and point-of care applications in the near future.
Highlights
Compared with many other complex technologies in the biomedical engineering field, bioimpedance detection is a fast, simple, non-invasive, and cost-effective method for assessing the condition of the human body [1]
The Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) method has been widely used in some clinical studies, such as in transdermal drug delivery by measuring skin impedance changes to determine the absorption of drug delivery, in monitoring of the late recovery of osseointegration in hearing therapy, and in studying muscle state [11]
Skin impedance measuring instruments are predicted to develop in the direction of miniaturization, multifunction, speediness and intelligence. They is expected to be based on the flexible sensing platform and wireless transmission technology so that the skin impedance measurement is flexible enough to be integrated into other instruments as an auxiliary function
Summary
Compared with many other complex technologies in the biomedical engineering field, bioimpedance detection is a fast, simple, non-invasive, and cost-effective method for assessing the condition of the human body [1]. Especially in the assessment of the penetration promotion effect, is one of the most important applications of skin impedance. Skin impedance detection is a simple, fast and non-invasive method to feed back the effect of penetration enhancers. Electroporation, another commonly used penetration method, was used as pretreatment for transdermal drug delivery in reference [21]. The theoretical model, choice of electrodes and method of skin impedance measurement will be reviewed to forecast the future development of skin impedance measurement This will allow improved accuracy of quantitative ISF extraction in non-invasive disease monitoring techniques as well as the amount of drug absorption in transdermal drug delivery. Skin impedance model; Electrodes for skin impedance measurement; Methods and system for impedance measurement; Application in penetration promotion treatment
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