Abstract
The application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites is gaining increasing popularity in impact-resistant devices, automotives, biomedical devices and aircraft structures due to their high strength-to-weight ratios and their potential for impact energy absorption. Impact-induced high loading rates can result in significant changes of mechanical properties (e.g., elastic modulus and strength) before strain softening occurs and failure characteristics inside the strain localization zone (e.g., failure mechanisms and fracture energy) for fiber-reinforced polymer composites. In general, these phenomena are called the strain rate effects. The underlying mechanisms of the observed rate-dependent deformation and failure of composites take place among multiple length and time scales. The contributing mechanisms can be roughly classified as: the viscosity of composite constituents (polymer, fiber and interfaces), the rate-dependency of the fracture mechanisms, the inertia effects, the thermomechanical dissipation and the characteristic fracture time. Numerical models, including the viscosity type of constitutive models, rate-dependent cohesive zone models, enriched equation of motion and thermomechanical numerical models, are useful for a better understanding of these contributing factors of strain rate effects of FRP composites.
Highlights
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are increasingly used in impact-resistant devices, automotives, biomedical applications and aircraft structures due to their high strength-to-weight ratios and their potential for impact energy absorption [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]
These phenomena are called the strain rate effects of FRP composites, and it can be divided into two categories: (1) the rate-dependent deformation of composites before strain softening occurs and (2) the rate-dependent failure process occurring in the fracture process zone where microcracks emerge, coalescence and develop into the specimen after strain softening starts
The results showed that all the specimens, irrespective of layups, demonstrated higher value of stiffness and maximum stress with increasing strain rates
Summary
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are increasingly used in impact-resistant devices, automotives, biomedical applications and aircraft structures due to their high strength-to-weight ratios and their potential for impact energy absorption [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. Unlike graphite/epoxy, which showed no evident mechanical response variances under imposed strain rate range of 10−4 to 1000 s−1, the dynamic modulus and strength of glass/epoxy were found to be 2–3 times of the static values for the 0◦ and 45◦ specimens. Kusaka et al [37] studied the rate dependence of Mode-I interlaminar fracture behavior in unidirectional carbon/epoxy composite laminates over a wide range of loading rates from 0.01 mm/min to 20 m/s. Leite et al [16] carried out experimental studies on the mode-I intralaminar tensile fracture toughness of a carbon fiber-reinforced composite subjected to high strain rates. Considering the time derivative of energy release rate as the strain rate, the Mode-I interlaminar crack initiation fracture toughness of T700/MTM showed a strongly positive rate sensitivity for this system under dynamic loading conditions. The final section gives a short summary about this review
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