Abstract
Indonesia has an increasing electricity demand that is mostly met with fossil fuels. Although Indonesia plans to ramp up Renewable Energy Technologies (RET), implementation has been slow. This is unfortunate, as the RET potential in Indonesia might be higher than currently assumed given the archipelago’s size. However, there is no literature overview of RET potentials in Indonesia and to what extent they can meet current and future electricity demand coverage. This paper reviews contemporary literature on the potential of nine RET in Indonesia and analyses their impact in terms of area and demand coverage. The study concludes that Indonesia hosts massive amounts of renewable energy resources on both land and sea. The potentials in the academic and industrial literature tend to be considerably larger than the ones from the Indonesian Energy Ministry on which current energy policies are based. Moreover, these potentials could enable a 100% renewables electricity system and meet future demand with limited impact on land availability. Nonetheless, the review showed that the research topic is still under-researched with three detected knowledge gaps, namely the lack of (i) economic RET potentials, (ii) research on the integrated spatial potential mapping of several RET and (iii) empirical data on natural resources. Lastly, this study provides research and policy recommendations to promote RET in Indonesia.
Highlights
Indonesia is a strongly growing country and could become the world’s 4th largest economy by 2050 [1]
7 studies each were about a set of Renewable Energy Technologies (RET) and solar PV, 6 studies were about biomass, 5 studies each were about wave energy and tidal current and 2 studies each were about hydropower, Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), offshore wind and geothermal. 34 studies are in English, 4 in Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia)
Fossil capacity was developed at the planned annual rate of roughly 6%, while RET only grew by 5% per year instead of the planned 9%
Summary
Indonesia is a strongly growing country and could become the world’s 4th largest economy by 2050 [1] This development is reflected by Indonesia’s rapidly increasing electricity demand of more than 6% p.a. since 2000 [2,3]. Notwithstanding, the implementation of RET might benefit from a more comprehensive and accurate overview of their potential in Indonesia With such an overview, it would be possible to assess how much current and future electricity demand could be covered with RET. Energy scenarios like a 100% renewable electricity system and its requirements like land area could be deduced With these insights, it would be possible to evaluate whether current RET implementation goals are in line with the potentials and whether adjustments are needed.
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