Review of next generation photovoltaic solar cell technology and comparative materialistic development

Abstract

With the increased concern regarding the impact of conventional energy on global warming and climate change, solar photovoltaic (PV) cell technology has proliferated as a sustainable energy source. Technological development in Recent Research can be categorized according to various generations of solar cells. Generation and the current market influence one another covered in the first two-generation (GEN) solar cell, among other things. Medium and low-cost technologies lead to moderate market yields for the first generation (mono or polycrystalline silicon cells). GEN II (thin-film technologies) is built around lower-cost manufacturing processes that are nonetheless more efficient. The 3GEN exhibits novel materials and many novel designs, which all make use of the most efficient but costly cells. This concept, known as the 4GEN, comprises hybrid materials, including the flexible, inexpensive polymer films and the more stable, novel inorganic nanostructures such as nanomaterial and metal oxides, all of which are currently being looked into. To accomplish the main objective of this review, it's necessary to explore the various aspects of solar cell technology regarding materials, efficiency, and technological fabrication costs. The study includes fabrication, stability, and limitations as well as device architectures. Special attention has been paid to the “4th generation”, where the different roles of organic and hybrid components are discussed. Finally, the author summarizes his findings and possible future scenarios.