Abstract
In the last twenty years, high energetic materials have changed significantly. Several factors have influenced the development of these materials, which include new operational requirements such as insensitive ammunition (IM), as well as factors in the availability of new materials and new production techniques, safety assessment, and modeling. All this enables more efficient use of materials and a more detailed understanding of the processes involved in the application of new technologies. This work presents new insensitive secondary high explosives such as TATB, FOX-7, GUDN, NTO, and others that are in different stages of development. A review of these explosives is given and their stability, reliability, and specific application are described. Energy materials are known to be chemical compounds or mixtures that contain significant amounts of energy and it has been shown that successful design of new energetic materials with customized performance properties and increased stability is possible. The properties of new insensitive energetic materials must be further researched and improved before they can be used in new or existing systems. Insensitive ammunition testing is a vital component of many national IM programs. The international community has established requirements for testing the insensitivity of materials and developed six unique tests based on testing the response of the material to the effects of heat, impact, or shock.
Highlights
Several factors have influenced the development of these materials, which include new operational requirements such as insensitive ammunition (IM), as well as factors in the availability of new materials and new production techniques, safety assessment, and modeling
The other important properties which decide the fate of newly synthesized energetic material for its application in propellant and explosive formulations are its chemical compatibility with other ingredients in the formulation, less toxicity, stable physical form and ease of its handling
The main disadvantages of current conventional explosives such as those based on RDX and HMX are the relatively high impact sensitivity and moderately high handling sensitivity
Summary
There are many factors that must be taken into account when assessing newly developed insensitive materials. The other important properties which decide the fate of newly synthesized energetic material for its application in propellant and explosive formulations are its chemical compatibility with other ingredients in the formulation, less toxicity, stable physical form and ease of its handling The other category of nitro compounds emerging as key ingredients for propellant and explosive formulations are tetrazoles, triazines, tetrazines, compounds of metallic salts of hydrazines, carbohydrazines and polymeric binders containing azo, nitro-, nitroxy- groups in the backbones New requirements such as reduction of the vulnerability of combat platforms, stealth characteristics, and increased demand to achieve higher energetics in terms of specific impulse and performance coupled with environmental issues have forced the researchers to produce novel energetic materials. Because of all of the above, the FOX-7 can be considered an attractive alternative to the RDX
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