Abstract
Device-to-device (D2D) communication is an essential part of the future fifth generation (5G) system that can be seen as a “network of networks,” consisting of multiple seamlessly-integrated radio access technologies (RATs). Public safety communications, autonomous driving, socially-aware networking, and infotainment services are example use cases of D2D technology. High data rate communications and use of several active air interfaces in the described network create energy consumption challenges for both base stations and the end user devices. In this paper, we review the status of 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization, which is the most important standardization body for 5G systems. We define a set of application scenarios for D2D communications in 5G networks. We use the recent models of 3GPP long term evolution (LTE) and WiFi interfaces in analyzing the power consumption from both the infrastructure and user device perspectives. The results indicate that with the latest radio interfaces, the best option for energy saving is the minimization of active interfaces and sending the data with the best possible data rate. Multiple recommendations on how to exploit the results in future networks are given.
Highlights
Device-to-device (D2D) communications in infrastructure networks have been studied actively since the 1990s [1], due to the potential to reduce delays, increase throughput, and to improve power or energy efficiency
Power consumption is affected by the software as well, but the long-term evolution (LTE)-A base station power consumption can be described with the same model due to the slow evolution of the devices
This paper has reviewed the potential application areas including Internet of Things (IoT), wearables, and automated driving and reviewed the current status of D2D technology in 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standardization
Summary
Device-to-device (D2D) communications in infrastructure networks have been studied actively since the 1990s [1], due to the potential to reduce delays, increase throughput, and to improve power or energy efficiency. The power consumption of different 3GPP long-term evolution (LTE) and WiFi interfaces has been actively measured and modelled in recent years [18,19,20,21,22] Both user device and base station power consumption models are available. Energy state transitions alone cost energy, but these transitions cause excessive signaling overhead in (3GPP) networks Mechanisms such as adaptive discontinuous reception (DRX), user equipment (UE) assistance, energy harvesting, and massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems at the base station side have been proposed to reduce the power consumption of LTE mobiles [24,25,26,27,28,29].
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