Abstract
Palm oil has benefits for economic and social development in Indonesia. However, palm oil is faced by several environmental problems most of them due to the land conversion from forest to the palm plantation. Therefore, numerous greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental effects also emitted during palm oil and biodiesel production. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method can be used for the evaluation of the palm oil production process impact on the environment as well as for potentially reducing the hotspot. A literature study was used in the identification of the implementation of LCA for biodiesel from palm oil in Indonesia. Study cradle to grave LCA for biodiesel production in Indonesia was still limited. Gate to gate and cradle to gate system boundary was the major boundary system used in the identification of the environmental effect for biodiesel production in Indonesia. However, numerous study has applied that boundary system and various scenario has been proposed in reducing the environmental effect for biodiesel production. Limitation of the LCA boundary for palm oil production is needed to be enhanced as well. Robust life cycle inventory in a wider range (i.e., cradle to grave) will be needed in order to present this industry in a global forum.
Highlights
Out of all kinds of plant-based oil in the world, palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is favored as the most-produced commodity as well as the most consumed one
US EPA-NODA and EU RED stated that palm oil-based biodiesel could reduce the emission of Global Warming Potential (GWP) by only 17 % to 19 % compared to fossil-based fuel [12]
The literature has been compiled from a selection of sources for the purpose of investigating environmental issues led by palm oil-based biodiesel production in Indonesia, and indentifying the current status of life cycle assessment (LCA) implementation
Summary
Out of all kinds of plant-based oil in the world, palm oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is favored as the most-produced commodity as well as the most consumed one. Contributing to approximately half of the global commodity, Indonesia holds the record as the world’s number one producer of palm oil [2, 3]. In 2014, Indonesia produced 32.5 × 106 of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and exported 80 % of it, earning USD 18.6 × 109 [1]. Palm oil is the largest agricultural industry in Indonesia [1], and its production is expected to continue to expand at 10 % yr–1 [5]. The total amount of harvested palm oil area throughout Indonesia has grown from 4.1 × 106 ha in 2006 [4] to an estimated 8.9 × 106 ha in 2015 [6], and is projected to reach 17 × 106 ha by 2025 [7]. The area with the highest percentage of yield is affirmed to be Sumatra Island – covering 80 % of total production – followed by Kalimantan at 17 % and Sulawesi at 2 % [8]
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