Abstract
As the number and range of electric vehicles in use increases, and the size of batteries in those vehicles increases, the demand for fast and ultra-fast charging infrastructure is also expected to increase. The growth in the fast charging infrastructure raises a number of challenges to be addressed; primarily, high peak loads and their impacts on the electricity network. This paper reviews fast and ultra-fast charging technology and systems from a number of perspectives, including the following: current and expected trends in fast charging demand; the particular temporal and spatial characteristics of electricity demand associated with fast charging; the devices and circuit technologies commonly used in fast chargers; the potential system impacts of fast charging on the electricity distribution network and methods for managing those impacts; methods for long-term planning of fast charging facilities; finally, expected future developments in fast charging technology and systems.
Highlights
The global transition to electrified transport is well underway, supported by the development and rollout of electric vehicles (EVs) and the necessary charging infrastructure [1]
Opment of fast charging technology will be assisted by improved understanding of load profiles and patterns, which can currently only be estimated using either (i) bottom‐up modelling, e.g., by aggregating the impact of many simulated agents, or (ii) top‐down modelling, e.g., based on existing traffic patterns, and assuming these remain unchanged by the transition to EVs
The findings indicated that total demand distortion (TDD) is a better measure compared with total harmonic distortion (THD) for harmonic distortion calculations, as it uses the maximum load; whereas, the THD uses the fundamental value of the current for the calculation of the distortion
Summary
The global transition to electrified transport is well underway, supported by the development and rollout of electric vehicles (EVs) and the necessary charging infrastructure [1]. Whilst several reviews have been published to date on specific topics relevant to fast charging—such as fast charger design [4,5,6,7,8,9], the impacts of fast charging on battery lifetime [10] and on the electricity network [11,12,13], and the various methods for limiting the negative impacts of fast charging [11,14,15,16], including integrated energy storage [17,18,19]—none have reviewed fast charging from a systems perspective, highlighting the interdependencies between the demand driving technical developments and the various approaches to planning and management of future charging infrastructures.
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