Review of evaluation of tsunami-induced debris collision force

Abstract

ABSTRACT The evaluation of the impact of tsunami-borne debris collisions is important in designing tsunami-resistant structures and quantifying the risk for regional and industrial facilities located along the coast. Consequently, research on this topic is being actively conducted. Methods that evaluate debris behavior during tsunamis, including collision probability, velocity, and force, as well as the necessary parameters for these evaluations, are invaluable from a practical perspective and are being implemented through their incorporation into guidelines. Although research continues and evaluation techniques are maturing, identifying future challenges remains essential. This review article covers a wide range of technologies, both those already in use and those under development, and the physical processes that should be considered in these evaluations. It summarizes the applicability of evaluation methods based on accuracy, computational cost, and practicality, and clarifies the technologies currently available. The review identifies issues for future research, particularly the development of a probabilistic evaluation framework, which is highlighted as an area requiring further research. This review serves not only as a collection of practical findings but also as a basis for developing advanced evaluation techniques for tsunami-induced debris collisions, thereby contributing to the advancement of future structural design and the enhancement of local disaster preparedness against tsunamis.