Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging flavivirus of the Asia-Pacific region. More than two billion people live in endemic or epidemic areas and are at risk of infection. Recently, the first autochthonous human case was recorded in Africa, and infected birds have been found in Europe. JEV may spread even further to other continents. The first section of this review covers established and new information about the epidemiology of JEV. The subsequent sections focus on the impact of JEV on humans, including the natural course and immunity. Furthermore, new concepts are discussed about JEV’s entry into the brain. Finally, interactions of JEV and host cells are covered, as well as how JEV may spread in the body through latently infected immune cells and cell-to-cell transmission of virions or via other infectious material, including JEV genomic RNA.
Highlights
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging flavivirus of the Asia-Pacific region
Genetic studies propose that JEV evolved from an African ancestral virus that spread to the Indonesia-Malaysia region many centuries ago, from where it spread throughout Asia and over to Australia [3]
JEV emphasizing on the increasing worldwide threat that JEV poses to humans, especially considering global warming and the corresponding geographic expansion of mosquitos that are JEV vectors
Summary
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus, related to dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Human JEV infections have been documented for most temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions of Asia, northern regions of Australia, and recently one case in Angola, Africa (Table 1 and Figure 1). Countries and Geographic Regions with documented JEV cases. Geographic regions regions and countries with documented human JEV cases, https://www.cdc.gov/japaneseencephalitis/Maps/index.html. Wading andform watera birds form natural JEV reservoir, includingbirds migrating birds like herons, Samy et al (2018) modelled the distribution of egrets in the Australasian region, which overlaps well and ducks. Breeding to one the has to consider that herons egrets migrate in summer to theinnorthern northern temperate regionsand of Eurasia. They may beforallbreeding year round the less temperate cold and regions of Eurasia.
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