Abstract
This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of electric vehicle technology, charging methods, standards, and optimization techniques. The essential characteristics of Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) and Electric Vehicle (EV) are first discussed. Recent research on EV charging methods such as Battery Swap Station (BSS), Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), and Conductive Charging (CC) are then presented. This is followed by a discussion of EV standards such as charging levels and their configurations. Next, some of the most used optimization techniques for the sizing and placement of EV charging stations are analyzed. Finally, based on the insights gained, several recommendations are put forward for future research.
Highlights
Electric Vehicles (EVs) are experiencing rapid growth because of five key global trends:(i) Fossil fuel depletion and subsequent increases in fuel cost; (ii) Growing public awareness of and desire to combat climate change; (iii) Advances in technology and commercial effectiveness of renewable energy technologies; (iv) The development of electric motors and electronic control systems that control EV propulsion directly; and (v) Advances in EV supporting technologies such as Grid-to-Vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G).The world is facing pressure on fossil fuels, so most countries are moving towards sustainable, reliable, efficient, economic, and green energy resources
The authors used the output of Wind Turbines (WTs), PVs, and diesel generators and the parking deck available power to improve the reliability of the advanced distribution system during the outage event and introduce stochastic modeling to capture the intermittency of the renewable energy resources
The above optimization methods are used in the state-of-the-art research to: (i) enhance the reliability of the electrical grid using the available energy in the parking lot; (ii) maximize EV penetration; (iii) minimize total system loss; (iv) maximize parking lot owner profit; (v) minimize distribution system operator costs; (vi) minimize the station energy cost and Energy Storage System (ESS) storage cost; and (vii) minimize the distribution power loss
Summary
Electric Vehicles (EVs) are experiencing rapid growth because of five key global trends:. The advancement of EV technology has increased the social and economic benefits in both the transportation and energy sector Despite these benefits, battery technology limitations such as weight, lifespan, and storage capacity, and high battery cost [6,7] are still the major hindrances to the broad acceptance of EVs. many automotive industries, organizations, and countries are investing in the research and development of EV battery technology. As 30% of the fossil fuel is consumed by the transportation sector [12], this offers a good opportunity to transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy by using technology, such as the electric vehicle. (ii) EV charging systems such as on-board and off-board chargers, and (iii) Optimization techniques for sizing and placement of EV charging stations under different objectives and constraints
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