Abstract
Since the onset of land application of poultry litter, transportation of microorganisms, antibiotics, and disinfectants to new locations has occurred. While some studies provide evidence that antimicrobial resistance (AMR), an evolutionary phenomenon, could be influenced by animal production systems, other research suggests AMR originates in the environment from non-anthropogenic sources. In addition, AMR impacts the effective prevention and treatment of poultry illnesses and is increasingly a threat to global public health. Therefore, there is a need to understand the dissemination of AMR genes to the environment, particularly those directly relevant to animal health using the One Health Approach. This review focuses on the potential movement of resistance genes to the soil via land application of poultry litter. Additionally, we highlight impacts of AMR on microbial ecology and explore hypotheses explaining gene movement pathways from U.S. broiler operations to the environment. Current approaches for decreasing antibiotic use in U.S. poultry operations are also described in this review.
Highlights
Antibiotic Use and History in U.S Broiler OperationsAntimicrobial compounds and antibiotics in U.S broiler operations have widely been used to treat and prevent bacterial, protozoal, and fungal pathogens that sicken or kill birds, as well as promote growth (Chapman and Johnson, 2002; McEwen and Fedorka-Cray, 2002; Sneeringer et al, 2015)
The goal of this review is to provide an update on the development and fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) and bacteria in U.S broiler poultry operations, and explore hypotheses explaining gene movement pathways to the environment
Since the 1970s has it been realized that soils receiving poultry litter may be a major reservoir and transmission route for ARG
Summary
Antibiotic Use and History in U.S Broiler OperationsAntimicrobial compounds and antibiotics in U.S broiler (meat chicken) operations have widely been used to treat and prevent bacterial, protozoal, and fungal pathogens that sicken or kill birds, as well as promote growth (Chapman and Johnson, 2002; McEwen and Fedorka-Cray, 2002; Sneeringer et al, 2015). Considering, disease in broiler flocks can account for 20% loss of the Abbreviations: AMR, antimicrobial resistant; ARG, antibiotic resistant gene; ARGD, antibiotic resistant gene determinant; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; NARMS, National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring Systems; WHO, World Health Organization. Antibiotic Resistance in U.S Broiler Systems gross value of production (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO], 2013) antibiotics are important tools in poultry production. Among the most significant action that the FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine has taken, is to transition medically important antimicrobials that are used in the feed or drinking water of food-producing animals to veterinary oversight, and to eliminate the use of these products in animals for production purposes, such as for growth promotion (Guidance for Industry #213; Food and Drug Administration [FDA], 2013)
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
