Abstract
Bronchial asthma (asthma) is a chronic airway inflammation disease along with many symptoms including reversible expiratory airflow limitation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness.Asthma is also a heterogenous syndrome with varied clinical characteristics and multiple phenotypes.Phenotypes and definition of refractory asthma have not been unified, because the pathophysiology mechanism of asthma remains incomplete.Today, bronchial thermoplasty is suggested for the management of refractory asthma, but it still has a long way to define the most suitable phenotypes of refractory asthma for this technology.Bronchoscopy, CT and MRI get more and more attention in the area of asthma patient evaluation, and they will become a powerful tool for guiding treatment in refractory asthma.This article reviews the advance of refractory asthma and it′s new evaluation technology. Key words: Refractory asthma; Phenotype; Bronchoscopy; Patient evaluation
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