Abstract
Scoliosis is a 3D deformity of the human spinal column that is caused from the bending of the latter, causing pain, aesthetic and respiratory problems. This internal deformation is reflected in the outer shape of the human back. The golden standard for diagnosis and monitoring of scoliosis is the Cobb angle, which refers to the internal curvature of the trunk. This work is the first part of a post-doctoral research, presenting the most important researches that have been done in the field of scoliosis, concerning its digital visualisation, in order to provide a more precise and robust identification and monitoring of scoliosis. The research is divided in four fields, namely, the X-ray processing, the automatic Cobb angle(s) calculation, the 3D modelling of the spine that provides a more accurate representation of the trunk and the reduction of X-ray radiation exposure throughout the monitoring of scoliosis. Despite the fact that many researchers have been working on the field for the last decade at least, there is no reliable and universal tool to automatically calculate the Cobb angle(s) and successfully perform proper 3D modelling of the spinal column that would assist a more accurate detection and monitoring of scoliosis.
Highlights
Scoliosis is defined as the greater than 10 degrees curvature of the spine, as measured on an X-ray
More beginning with Cobb angle calculation, being the main metric for the severity of scoliosis, recent studies have tried to automatically compute it, but this computation included manual selection of the region of interest (ROI) and the final result greatly depended on the quality of the initial X-ray
Researchers tried to evolve the scoliosis assessment by creating the 3D representation of the spine with various methodologies that have certain drawbacks: from using generalised information along with personalised data to utilising auxiliary items that limit the usability of the method
Summary
Scoliosis is defined as the greater than 10 degrees curvature of the spine, as measured on an X-ray. With the development of image processing procedures, X-ray images have been affected, exhibiting some very appealing methodologies to cope with, as it will be explained in more detail later Another very crucial field in the advances of spinal deformities is the Cobb angle. Being the current golden standard, it is important to be accurately calculated and other researchers strove in finding computerised methodologies to do so as it will be presented in the main part of this work. The 3D representation of the human spinal column that would successfully depict the real nature of scoliosis is a field that contains tons of work done. To this end, many researchers occupied themselves to develop methodologies for 3D representation of the spine.
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