Abstract
Adsorption is a commonly used procedure in environmental applications in the chemical industry. In comparison proposed mathematical models to explain batch adsorption as it relates to isotherms and kinetics, fixed-bed or column adsorption has a dearth of models to describe and forecast. While the latter is the most common alternative in practice. The current analysis begins with a brief overview of basic concepts and mathematical models used to characterize batch adsorption's mass transfer and isotherm behavior, which dominates Natural adsorption behavior in columns. Following that, the commonly used models for predicting the breakthrough curve, such as the Clark, Thomas, Adams-Bohart, and Yoon-Nelson models, are fleetingly discussed from a mathematical and process perspective. Their fundamental characteristics are also discussed, including their benefits and intrinsic flaws. This analysis can aid those who are involved in adsorption in columns in selecting or developing a correct and realistic model for their research and applications.
Highlights
Many heavy metals are found in oil refinery water, which has significant environmental consequences
Chemical sedimentation is one of the most important physical and chemical methods for extracting heavy metals from wastewater coagulation, flocculation,electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, and oxidation /reduction, Ion exchange, membrane technology are all examples of ion exchange and membrane technology Metal ion removal is less effective, there are some limitations using these methods such as cost effectiveness the adsorption process's efficacy in eliminating heavy metals Natural adsorbents, either raw or modified, are added to the mix [3]
A thorough examination of these models is still lacking the primary goal of the present review is to introduce the modeling of dynamic adsorption in the liquid phase. liquid-solid adsorption is more technically difficult to describe than gassolid adsorption since the solvent is associated with a more complex relationship between the species involved the redemption effect allows the mechanism to act in a more complex manner Adsorption is an exothermic reaction, meaning it produces heat during the adhering process [16]
Summary
Many heavy metals are found in oil refinery water, which has significant environmental consequences. For constant pattern adsorption behavior in fixed-bed systems applied the internal diffusion to explain the adsorption of phenol on activated carbon, the rate constant for adsorption of liquid phase was calculated using an equation that ignored external mass transfer and a pore–surface diffusion model with linear isotherm [29]. For the solid diffusion model, it is observed that the percentage removal of the solute is higher and the unused bed length is lower, indicating proper utilization of the bed On a fixed bed a mathematical model of adsorption is created Non-ideal plug flow behavior, as well as external and internal mass transfer resistances, are considered In this analysis, the liquid-solid equilibrium relationship is defined using the Langmuir equilibrium isotherm [41]. Simplified models are often obtained using sufficient approximation to save computational time every approximate solution has its own set of validity constraints that must be precisely defined, otherwise incorrect results can be obtained, leading to deviations from exact solutions [43]
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