Abstract
In 1822, almost 200 years ago, Baron Charles Cagniard de Latour (1777-1859) discovered the critical phenomena or critical state [1] [2]. At that time, it was described as a curiosity. However, it is now used as an advanced extraction and analytical technology in industry and research. Extraction with supercritical fluids (SFs) was welcome from the very beginning. In the present paper, the application to chromatography of the critical phenomena of compressed gases or overheated liquids as supercritical fluids will be discussed. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC) received an uneasy welcome, mainly because of the lack of commercially available analytical instruments. Even today, only a small number of industrial companies are manufacturing SFC instrumentation. A very small spectrum of columns is manufactured specially for SFC. SFC is not accepted by Pharmacopeia committees for the analysis of drugs and medical forms to the same extent as Gas Chromatography, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography or even Thin Layer Chromatography. The present status and future perspectives for SFC will be discussed.
Highlights
Several very important discoveries are used in modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (SFC-MS); they will make this technique one of the most important in chemical explorations
Hoke et al [35] wrote in their paper “Comparison of packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry for bioanalytical determination of (R)- and (S)-ketoprofen in human plasma following automated 96-well solid-phase extraction” by describing the results of their experiments as: “Generally, most analytical attributes, including specificity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and ruggedness, for both of these methods were comparable with the exception that the packed capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography (pcSFC) separation provided a roughly 3-fold reduction in analysis time
Differences between LC, TLC, and Paper Chromatography (PPC) are in the use of thin layers in TLC and PPC, but columns in LC; in the literature, the abbreviations LC and LC-MS are reserved only for column liquid chromatography (CLC)
Summary
Several very important discoveries are used in modern Supercritical Fluid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (SFC-MS); they will make this technique one of the most important in chemical explorations. Morrissey and Hill in [18] described metal-selective flame ionization detection in connection with CCSFC Their conclusion was: “Using optimal conditions for achieving metal-sensitive flame ionization responses which have been established for the detector after capillary gas chromatography, initial evaluation of the detector after SFC proved promising.”. Hoke et al [35] wrote in their paper “Comparison of packed-column supercritical fluid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry with liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry for bioanalytical determination of (R)- and (S)-ketoprofen in human plasma following automated 96-well solid-phase extraction” by describing the results of their experiments as: “Generally, most analytical attributes, including specificity, linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, precision, and ruggedness, for both of these methods were comparable with the exception that the pcSFC separation provided a roughly 3-fold reduction in analysis time. Figure 1) to use comparison of the products from Supelco and Jupiter Ltd ever in common publication
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