Abstract
Carbon onions are a relatively new member of the carbon nanomaterials family. They consist of multiple concentric fullerene-like carbon shells which are highly defective and disordered.
Highlights
1.1 Electrochemical energy storage with nanocarbonsCarbon materials have always been at the focal point of energy applications, ranging from the ongoing use of coal as the primary energy source to the utilization as the standard anode material for lithium ion batteries
In a study by McDonough et al, carbon onions synthesized at different temperatures were electrochemically tested using microcavity electrodes in 1 M H2SO4.83 At scan rates up to 15 V sÀ1, the relative capacitance for carbon onions synthesized at 1800 C decreased by less than 30% compared to the low-rate value, while carbon onions synthesized at 1300 C showed a reduction by 45% at 15 V sÀ1 (Fig. 10C)
This work provides an overview of electrochemical applications of carbon onions, and especially of nanodiamond-derived carbon onions
Summary
Carbon materials have always been at the focal point of energy applications, ranging from the ongoing use of coal as the primary energy source to the utilization as the standard anode material for lithium ion batteries. In 2013 he joined the INM Energy Materials Group working on the synthesis and characterization of nanodiamonds and carbon onions with the focus on electrochemical energy storage Receiving his M.Sc., he began his PhD studies in 2014 on the development of carbon/metal oxide hybrid materials for redox-enabled energy storage devices. The unique combination of high electrical conductivity (comparable to carbon black), large external surface area, and nanoscopic size (commonly below 10 nm), alongside the possibility for large-scale synthesis and chemical modi cation,[2] has made this material very attractive for applications, ranging from lubrication and catalysis[3] to electrochemical energy storage (EES),[4] biomedical imaging,[2] and water treatment.[5] Carbon onions have been explored intensively for EES applications as electrode materials for ultrafast charge/discharge devices[6] or as a potent conductive additive to enhance the power handling ability of activated carbon.[7] With the increasing number of carbon onion studies for advanced electrochemical applications,[8,9] this review summarizes the state-of-the-art and provides a comprehensive overview of relevant topics of the structure as well as electrochemical and relevant properties of carbon onions. For a more substantial review of the energy storage technologies, such as supercapacitors, batteries, and hybrid devices, the reader is referred to recent comprehensive articles on these topics.[14,18,28]
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