Review Article: Toward Future Particulate Matter Situations in Thailand from Supporting Policy, Network and Economy

Jitiporn Wongwatcharapaiboon

doi:10.5334/fce.79

Abstract

In the era of climate uncertainty in 2019, PM2.5 situations in Thailand are considered as big impacts to local livings in terms of health and well-being. This paper aims to investigate policies to decrease PM2.5 levels and to examine reliable networking systems. International and domestic policies are literally found for controlling traffic emission, open burning activities, public health and industrial zoning, when strong satellite networks can be proved by the reliability and accuracy of PM2.5 data collections, sources and chemicals identifications. Turning to financial loss during the PM2.5 situation, cost estimations have been accounted in terms of environmental tax, pollution footprint, health mortality, public air cleaning payment, GDP and uncertainty cost of air pollution. The results related to policy can affect local social interventions, if policies match correctly to suitable techniques in this research series. Also real-time prospective warning of local PM2.5 exceeding is required with accuracy, while all applicable methods are financially comparing in different contexts.

Highlights

During the 5-year period of air pollution research in Thailand, Particulate Matter sized 2.5 micron (PM2.5) has been studied as environmental threats especially in middle and north land
Based on Air Quality in Major Incidents (AQinMI) service, Osiris laser light scattering monitors are settled throughout 23 major incident industrial fires for testing accuracies of particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) collections in different ranges of exposure time (Griffiths et al, 2018)
This research paper aims to review systematically literatures related to PM2.5 controlling plans which can be top-down or bottom-up policy

Summary

Introduction

During the 5-year period of air pollution research in Thailand, Particulate Matter sized 2.5 micron (PM2.5) has been studied as environmental threats especially in middle and north land. The components of PM2.5 can be various chemical depending on types of source, geographic locations and activity contexts. There are several common sources of PM2.5 which include 1) the United State source: secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, spark-ignition emissions, diesel emissions, road dust, biomass burning, pyrolyzed organic (OP) rich (Squizzato et al, 2018), 2) Asean source: secondary carbon (only in Asia), water soluble transition metals (Cr and Zn) (Park et al, 2018) and 3) European source: potassium (K), brown coal, black coal and oil (Pokorná et al, 2018). Within Thailand context, biomass burning and road dust provide black carbon and transportation chemicals to ambient environment. Based on PM2.5 threats in the middle and north Thailand, there are resulted from the same type of open agricultural burning sources and traffic situations. Chiang Mai province has a trough location which is blocked ventilation by natural pressure in winter season; while Bangkok has open basin near the coaster

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