Review Article: Progressive Neuronal Degeneration of Childhood With Liver Disease (Alpers-Huttenlocher Syndrome): A Personal Review

Abstract

Thirty-two autopsied cases of progressive neuronal degeneration of childhood with liver disease are reviewed. The typical clinical course is intractable seizures and liver failure following a period of developmental delay and failure to thrive in early infancy, but some children first present with seizures. Characteristic changes on the electroencephalogram, loss of visual-evoked potentials, occipital atrophy on computed tomographic scan, and particular changes on liver biopsy may assist diagnosis. Most patients succumb in less than 3 years, but some have a protracted survival into their teens, and very rarely they may present in early adulthood. Liver pathology comprises fatty change, hepatocyte loss, bile duct proliferation, fibrosis, and often cirrhosis. Gradual progression can be followed in sequential biopsies. Macroscopically, the cerebral cortex is variably involved, but usually there is patchy thinning and discoloration, with a striking predilection for the striate cortex. Microscopic changes include spongiosis, neuronal loss, and astrocytosis, which progresses down through the cortical layers. All areas may be affected but the calcarine cortex is usually most affected. Etiology is still obscure, though mitochondrial and slow viral disorders have been postulated.