Abstract
Opisthorchis viverrini is remains a public health problem in Thailand, particularly in the northeast and north regions which have the highest incidences of chonalgiocarcinoma (CCA). O. viverrini causes the disease opithorchiasis, and its has been classified as a group 1 biological carcinogen. Humans, dogs, and cats become infected with O. viverrini by ingesting raw or undercooked fish containing infective metacercariae. The first human cases of O. viverrini infection were reported in Thailand 100 years ago, and it's still a problem at the community level. Based on data for the year 2009, more than 6 million people were infected with O. viverrini. Associated medical care and loss of wages in Thailand costs about $120 million annually. This review highlights the current status of O. viverrini infection in communities of Thailand through active surveillance for the five years period from 2010 and 2015. A total of 17 community-based surveys were conducted, most in the northeast region. Some 7 surveys demonstrated a high prevalence over 20%, and the highest was 45.7%. Most commonly infection was found in age group of 35 years and older, males, and agricultural workers. Although, the national prevalence may be decreasing but the results show that the O. viverrini infection is still high in communities of the northeast region. Therefore, the focus in populations living in northeast Thailand should be screening of infection and changing their eating behavior.
Highlights
Opisthorchis viverrini is a trematode parasite that attacks the area of the bile duct including intra and extrahepatic bile ducts
The national prevalence may be decreasing but the results show that the O. viverrini infection is still high in communities of the northeast region
In 2009, O. viverrini has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO) as a group 1 biological carcinogen in which its capable of causing cancer in human (Sripa et al, 2012)
Summary
Opisthorchis viverrini is a trematode parasite that attacks the area of the bile duct including intra and extrahepatic bile ducts. O. viverrini infection is acquired by human, dog, and cats ingest raw or undercooked fish (Sitthithaworn et al, 2003; Kaewpitoon et al, 2007). It causes the disease opithorchiasis and related to a cancer of the gall bladder and/or its ducts; cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) which this CCA is commonly found the high incident in Thailand (Sripa et al, 2007; Kaewpitoon et al, 2008a). In the northeast and north region of Thailand, where have been a high incident of O. viverrini and CCA (Sripa et al, 2007; Sitthithaworn et al, 2012). Update on prevalence and distribution is necessary to summarize, this review highlights the current status of O. viverrini infections in the communities of Thailand. The research articles with five years periods from 2010 and 2015 study in human, were included
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