Abstract

Abstract Optimistic parallel discrete event simulation (PDES) requires to do a distributed rollback if conflicts are detected during a simulation due to the massively parallel optimistic execution approach. When a rollback of a simulation is performed each node that is determined to be in a wrong state must be restored to one of its previous states. This can be achieved through reverse computation or by restoring a previous checkpoint. In this paper we investigate and compare both approaches, reverse computation and a variant of checkpointing, incremental state saving (also called incremental checkpointing), to restore a previous program state as part of an optimistic parallel discrete event simulation. We present a benchmark model that is specifically designed for evaluating the performance of approaches to reversibility in PDES. Our benchmarking model has mathematical properties that allow to tune the amount of arithmetic operations relative to the amount of memory operations. These tuning opportunities are the basis for our systematic performance evaluation.

Highlights

  • Discrete event simulation (DES) is a simulation paradigm suitable for systems whose states are modeled as changing discontinuously and irregularly at discrete moments of simulation time

  • First we focus on forward event code, which consists of three phases: event setup, forward computation, and commit

  • The standard procedure, which we employ in the original code, for multiplying two n × n matrices performs n3 multiplications and additions, and in general the execution time for an event should scale as O(n3) for sufficiently large n

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Summary

Introduction

Discrete event simulation (DES) is a simulation paradigm suitable for systems whose states are modeled as changing discontinuously and irregularly at discrete moments of simulation time. Most irregular systems whose behavior is not describable by continuous equations and do not happen to be suitable for simple time-stepped models are candidates for DES. Efficient parallel discrete event simulation (PDES) is much more complicated than the sequential version. There are two broad approaches to resolving the PDES synchronization issue, called conservative and optimistic [1]. Omelchenko and Karimabadi have developed an asynchronous flux-conserving DES technique for physical simulations [2]. Their preemptive event processing approach to parallel synchronization complements c The Author(s) 2020 I. In this paper we will discuss optimistic PDES, which requires reversibility, in more detail

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