Reversible imperceptible semi-fragile watermarking scheme for digital fundus image authentication

Abstract

This paper proposes a new reversible, imperceptible, semi fragile watermarking scheme for the authentication of digital fundus images. The proposed scheme generates the watermark dynamically using chaotic system and it is embedded using integer transform in reversible way. It could precisely locate the tampering in the images and extract the watermark from the watermarked image without the knowledge of the original image and watermark. The 30000 bits were found as best size of the watermark with around 60 dB of imperceptibility at an average. The fragility rate was around 40% for jittering and geometrical attacks and around 45% for filtering attacks.