Reversible impairment of the processing of proopiomelanocortin into ACTH in pituitary enlargement suspected of lymphocytic hypophysitis

Abstract

We describe a 64-year-old woman with a cystic pituitary mass presenting with central diabetes insipidus. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with enhancement showed enlargement of the pituitary gland with cystic portions and thickening of the pituitary stalk with homogeneous enhancement. Combined anterior pituitary stimulation test and insulin-induced hypoglycemic test confirmed the diagnosis of panhypopituitarism, including adrenocortical insufficiency due to pituitary and hypothalamic dysfunction by stalk compression. Interestingly, the response of serum cortisol to CRH was low and delayed, in contrast to the marked increase in plasma ACTH. Molecular analysis of her plasma ACTH by Sephadex G75 gel exclusion chromatography coupled with radioimmunoassay (RIA) indicated a peak for high molecular weight ACTH, i.e., proACTH, in addition to that for 1-39 ACTH. Three years later, enlargement of the pituitary gland with cystic portions and thickening of the pituitary stalk disappeared completely, followed by the decrease in plasma proACTH level. By the results of endocrinological study and the change of pituitary MRI findings, lymphocytic hypophysitis was suggested. Synthesis of immature ACTH is generally thought to be due to impaired processing of the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) through activation of prohormone convertase (PC)-1 by CRH. It is possible that the immature ACTH in this case was produced by impaired processing of the precursor POMC due to decreased CRH, dysfunction of corticotrophs in the anterior pituitary by compression of the normal pituitary, or antibodies targeting hypothalamic and/or pituitary cells. This report suggested that impaired processing of POMC may unusually play a role in adrenocortical insufficiency exhibited in lymphocytic hypophysitis.