Reversal of Phorate Induced Immunotoxicity and Oxidative Stress due to in vitro Exposure of Indigenous Hill Cattle Cow Urine in Chicken Lymphocytes

Abstract

Cow urine has been described in ‘Sushrut Samhita’ and ‘Ashtanga Sangraha’ to be the most effective secretion of animal origin with innumerable therapeutic values. Cow urine or gau-mutra has a unique place in Ayurveda and is suggested for improving general health. Cow urine has many beneficial properties particularly in the areas of agriculture and therapeutics. Phorate is a broad spectrum, non-biocumulative organophosphorus insecticide and acaricide. It is extremely toxic to mammals and other non-target organisms. Present paper reports ameliorating effects of Badri cow urine distillate (CUD) against phorate induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in chicken lymphocytes culture employing lymphocyte proliferation assay and nitric oxide (NO) estimation. In vitro exposure of thousand times dilution of No Observable Effect Level (NOEL/103) dose of phorate caused immunotoxic effects as displayed by decrease in B and T cells proliferation. In case of combination treatments of phorate and CUD, there was increase in B and T cells proliferation as compared to only pesticide treated cells. There was an increase in oxidative stress on measuring nitric oxide level in phorate treated cells as compared to control cells and combination treated groups. Thus, it could be inferred that cow urine ameliorated the phorate induced immunotoxicity and oxidative stress in chicken lymphocytes.