Abstract
A hypothesis is proposed that one mechanism for clutter observed in shallow water reverberation measurements is due to the combined effect of forward scatter and subsequent backscatter. The forward scatter refracts part of the sound from low grazing angle to high grazing angle, then being backscattered by bottom roughness. The refracted sound impinges onto the bottom at higher grazing angle, resulting in higher backscatter because of elevated bottom scattering cross section as compared to that at lower grazing angles. The resultant reverberation will stand out as a target-like clutter. An example is presented as a non-linear internal wave propagates in a shallow water channel, resembling conditions found on the New Jersey Shelf. The effect on reverberation of the internal wave as clutter is investigated using a time-domain numerical model. The model uses parabolic equation for the two-way propagation and first order perturbation approximation for bottom backscatter. [Work supported by ONR.]
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