Abstract
The increasing number of biological applications for black phosphorus (BP) nanomaterials has precipitated considerable concern about their interactions with physiological systems. Here we demonstrate the adsorption of plasma protein onto BP nanomaterials and the subsequent immune perturbation effect on macrophages. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, 75.8% of the proteins bound to BP quantum dots were immune relevant proteins, while that percentage for BP nanosheet–corona complexes is 69.9%. In particular, the protein corona dramatically reshapes BP nanomaterial–corona complexes, influenced cellular uptake, activated the NF-κB pathway and even increased cytokine secretion by 2–4-fold. BP nanomaterials induce immunotoxicity and immune perturbation in macrophages in the presence of a plasma corona. These findings offer important insights into the development of safe and effective BP nanomaterial-based therapies.
Highlights
The increasing number of biological applications for black phosphorus (BP) nanomaterials has precipitated considerable concern about their interactions with physiological systems
The zeta-potential values for BP nanomaterials showed that the high initial values
We carried out this study to provide a detailed investigation of the plasma protein corona around BP nanomaterials and its impact on macrophages
Summary
The increasing number of biological applications for black phosphorus (BP) nanomaterials has precipitated considerable concern about their interactions with physiological systems. We demonstrate the adsorption of plasma protein onto BP nanomaterials and the subsequent immune perturbation effect on macrophages. BP nanomaterials induce immunotoxicity and immune perturbation in macrophages in the presence of a plasma corona. These findings offer important insights into the development of safe and effective BP nanomaterial-based therapies. Potential inflammatory effects of BP nanomaterials have been reported[9] Understanding of their actual biological effects on physiological systems is limited. For continued development of BP nanomaterials in biomedicine, studies on interactions between nanomaterials and plasma proteins and the influence on immune cells are urgent. We study the protein corona formed by exposing different sizes of BP nanomaterials to plasma proteins and demonstrated their immune perturbation effect on macrophage (Fig. 1). The data indicate that size is the key difference between BPQDs and BPNSs
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