Abstract

In many species of birds, different body parts often display very different colours. This spatial distribution of coloured plumage patches may be determined, among other factors, by the balance between being cryptic to predators, and conspicuous to intended receivers. If this is the case, ventral and anterior body parts in birds – which are less visible to predators but more prominent to conspecifics – should present more conspicuous and sexually dichromatic plumage colours. Here, I test these predictions using reflectance spectrometric measurements of standardised plumage patches across males and females for nearly an entire avifauna (Australian landbirds, n = 538 species). My data show that, as predicted, conspicuous and sexually dichromatic colours are mainly located near the head, while the plumage of the back is the most cryptic. One clear exception to this pattern is the conspicuous rump coloration. In many species, this patch can be concealed by wings, and therefore exposed only when necessary. In addition, conspicuous rump coloration could deflect or confuse predators in case of attack. However, there is considerable variation across species, and this makes position on the body a very poor predictor of plumage elaboration (R2 < 0.02). Future studies should try to determine whether differences between species in the distribution of colours across the plumage are due to variation in ecological factors (predation risk, habitat, etc.).

Highlights

  • Birds display a large variety of colours (Stoddard & Prum 2011) which are produced by several different mechanisms (Delhey 2015)

  • On average 2.6 male and 2.4 female specimens were measured per species, and reflectance measurements were obtained from a set of 17 standardised plumage patches distributed across the entire body of the birds (Fig. 1)

  • Based on V-type visual sensitivities, for both males and females, the most conspicuous colours were generally those situated ventrally and towards the head (Fig. 1A-D), and the least conspicuous plumage patches were located on the back

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Summary

Introduction

Birds display a large variety of colours (Stoddard & Prum 2011) which are produced by several different mechanisms (Delhey 2015). I use a large dataset comprising measurements of plumage reflectance across most species of Australian landbirds (Delhey 2015) to test whether predictable differences in colour conspicuousness exist across body region of birds.

Results
Conclusion
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