Revealing poverty in South Sulawesi with several interrelated development indicators

The prevalence of stunting in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province is relatively high. Studies reveal various household, parental, and child factors are associated with stunting. This paper aimed to determine the determinants of stunting among children under five in South and West Sulawesi Province using the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey. This study was a secondary data analysis using the 2013 and 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Surveys. The unit of analysis was children under five years, and the study obtained 3641 and 4423 children in South Sulawesi Province from the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey, respectively, and 804 and 1059 children from the 2013 and 2018 Indonesia Basic Health Survey in West Sulawesi Province, respectively. The multivariable poisson regression model was conducted to determine the determinants of stunting. The results showed that the mean age of children in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Province was 31.1 months and 30.8 months, respectively, on 2013 survey compare to 29.6 months and 29.1 months on the 2018 survey. The determinants of stunting in children under five in South Sulawesi Province in 2013 survey were household with two children under five (APR:1.24; 95% CI: 1.1-1.3; p-value = 0.006), maternal BMI (APR: 1.1; 95% CI: 1.03-1.1; p-value = <0.001), maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.94-0.97; p-value = <0.001), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.7-2.7; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.8-2.7; p-value = <0.001), birthweight (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.5-2.5; p-value = <0.001). In the 2018 survey, the determinants were maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.98-0.99; p-value = 0.005), mothers with no education or with education in primary school (APR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.3-1.9; p-value = <0.001), mothers with education in middle school (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6; p-value = 0.014), mothers with a height less than 151 cm (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.5-3.1; p-value = <0.001), mothers with a height of 151-160 cm (APR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1-1.6; p-value = 0.014), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.2; 95% CI: 1.7-2.8; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.5; 95% CI: 2.0-3.2; p-value = <0.001)., birthweight (APR: 1.5; 95% CI: 1.2-1.9; p-value = <0.001). The determinants of stunting in children under five in West Sulawesi Province in 2013 survey were children under five years living in poor households (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.1-3.3; p-value = 0.021), children under five who lived in a household with three or more children under five (APR:1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.7; p-value = 0.002), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.6; p-value = 0.006), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001). On the 2018 survey, the determinants were maternal BMI (APR: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.03; p-value = 0.004), maternal weight (APR: 0.9; 95% CI: 0.95-0.98; p-value = <0.001), mothers with no education or with education in primary school (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001), mothers with education in middle school (APR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.7; p-value = 0.001), mothers with education in high school (APR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.2-2.6; p-value = 0.004), children aged 12-23 months (APR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.4-3.0; p-value = <0.001), children aged 24-59 months (APR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.9-3.6; p-value = <0.001), male (APR: 1.2; 95% CI: 1.01-1.4; p-value = 0.035), and acute respiratory infection (ARI) (APR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.04-2.5; p-value = 0.030). The determinants of stunting in children under five in South Sulawesi Province are number of children under five in the household, maternal education, maternal weight, maternal height, maternal BMI, child's age, and birthweight. Meanwhile, the determinants of stunting in children under five in West Sulawesi were wealth, maternal education, maternal weight, maternal BMI,, child's age, child's sex, and history of acute respiratory infection. Hence, intervention on household and child levels as well as maternal sociodemographic factors need to be addressed.

One of the causes of decrease forest functions is deforestation. Deforestation is a nonforest cover change activity that affects the decrease function of forest ecosystems. South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Provinces are two areas that have experienced high deforestation. The area of forest in South and West Sulawesi in 1990 amounted to 2,550,946.13 ha. The number decreased in 2019 amounted to 2,213,628.88 ha. This study aims to identify and understand the spatial model of deforestation based on biophysical driving factors in South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi Provinces from 1990 to 2019. Materials used in this study were Statistics Data Centers in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2019, Deforestation Profiles at South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi, literature supporting research. Data analysis used PCA (Principal Component Analysis) method. The results of this research explain that the driving factors the occurrence of deforestation in each location of the most influential research is the factor of the road, the closer the forest area to the road the higher the public desire to penetrate the forest area in addition, facilitate agricultural activities to distribute forest products and logs felling. River factors also have a role in the occurrence of deforestation, the community is very dependent on water needs primarily for agricultural land and plantations. In addition, the slope and altitude factors are also quite influential on the occurrence of deforestation due to the clearing of land in a fairly flat area with low altitude as in the Regency Bone and North Luwu, South Sulawesi province is very visible influence over the topographic areas of mountains and steep as in the Regency of Mamuju and Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi Province. Areas with such topography, have a low level of accessibility so that the pressure and disturbance are low enough from the community.

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to investigate the mediation effect of whistleblower in relationship between auditor’s ethic, auditor’s commitment and auditor’s independence to audit quality – a survey on provincial audit boards in South, Central and West Sulawesi, Indonesia.Design/methodology/approachThe population in this research were auditors of audit board, amounting to 249 people, distributed in three provinces, namely, South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi, using purposive sampling. The method used for analyzing the data in this research is structural equation modeling with auxiliary program analysis of moment structural version 20.FindingsThe main finding of this research is that the whistleblower is not the mediation variable of the relationship between auditor’s ethic, auditor’s commitment and auditor’s independence to audit quality. However, it does not mean that auditors will be whistleblowers who will disclose all cases into the public domain. Facts on the field are that Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Republik (BPK) or The Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia auditors do not become whistleblowers due to unsupportive atmosphere and less response from superiors. The results support the agency theory. This research supports the agency theory because of the fact in the field that BPK auditors are not committed to be whistleblowers. Meanwhile, there is positive effect of commitment to audit quality. This research supports stewardship theory and setting theory, as BPK auditors are already committed to the organization and demonstrate high levels of participation in the organization and stronger willingness to keep working and contribute to achievement of better audit. The BPK auditors maintain their independence in the inspection, but for them to be whistleblowers to reveal findings to the public is not allowed by their superiors. The research results support the agency theory.Research limitations/implicationsWhistleblower needs special attention in BPK, as it is proven that whistleblowing system has not been implemented, and support is needed from superiors and the agencies concerned if one of the auditors in carrying out their auditing tasks turn out to be a whistleblower due to their conscience. Although whistleblower is not regulated in Inspection Standard Statement, Regulation No. 01 of 2007 on Standards of State Audit (SKPN) of BPK, BPK should accommodate the application of the whistleblowing system, such as that adopted by institutions under the Ministry of Finance (Tax Office); hence, the existence of independent auditor profession regains public trust, something that has been dropped for all this time due to many cases involving independent auditors in business sector or the government sector. The government should provide a strong legal protection to ensure the protection to whistleblowers, as the existing legislation is still general in characteristics, as outlined in Law No. 13 of 2006 on Protection of Witnesses and Victims. Furthermore, the researchers should use qualitative research to study the behavior of the government auditors; why some areas receive Wajar Tanpa Pengecualian (WTP) or unqualified opinion predicate but are coupled by a tremendous increase in corruption; and whether BPK auditors have become whistleblowers in disclosing the actual facts.Practical implicationsWhistleblower need special attention in BPK as it is proven that whistleblowing system has not been implemented, and support is needed from superiors and the agencies concerned if one of the auditors in carrying out their auditing tasks turn out to be a whistleblower due to their conscience. Although whistleblower is not regulated in Inspection Standard Statement, Regulation No. 01 of 2007 on Standards of State Audit (SKPN) of BPK, BPK should accommodate the application of the whistleblowing system, such as that adopted by institutions under the Ministry of Finance (Tax Office), hence the existence of independent auditor profession regain public trust, something that has been dropped for all this time due to many cases involving independent auditors in business sector or the government sector. The government should provide a strong legal protection to ensure the protection to whistleblowers, as the existing legislation is still general in characteristics, as outlined in Law No. 13 of 2006 on Protection of Witnesses and Victims. Furthermore, the researchers should use qualitative research to study the behavior of the government auditors; why some areas receive WTP predicate but are coupled by a tremendous increase in corruption; and whether BPK auditors have become whistleblowers in disclosing the actual facts.Social implicationsThe government needs to provide a strong legal framework to ensure the protection of whistleblowers, because the existing legislation is still general as outlined in the Act – Act No. 13 of 2006 on the Protection of Witnesses and Victims.Originality/valueThe originality of this research is using the government whistleblower as the mediation variable in relationship between auditor’s ethics, auditor’s commitment and auditor’s independence on audit quality, with the object being auditor in South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi and West Sulawesi, Indonesia.

BackgroundChild marriage remains an important social issue in Indonesia. Child marriages were reported from 14.67% in 2008 to 10.82% in 2019. However, 22 out of 34 provinces in Indonesia still had high child marriage rates above the national average in 2019. This study aims to assess child marriage acceptability in the two locations in Indonesia by gender inequality, financial security, education rates, legal frameworks, dowry, and sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV).MethodsThis study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional study design. A total of 1000 respondents consisting of 500 households in Bone District, South Sulawesi and 500 households in Palu, Sigi, and Donggala District in Central Sulawesi participated in the study. Data analyses were conducted based on the Child Marriage Acceptability Index (CMAI) using the bivariate correlation, ANOVA (analysis of variance), and logistic regression.ResultsThis study found several significant factors that contributed to child marriage acceptance in Central and South Sulawesi: household financial security (p = 0.016), dowry (p < 0.001) and legal frameworks (p = 0.017) based on ANOVA analysis. After conducting a bivariate correlation, dowry (p < 0.001) and sexual and gender-based violence (p < 0.001) remain significant factors. Dowry (p < 0.001), with expected B = 0.122, and sexual and gender-based violence (p < 0.001, with expected B = 0.064) remains significant after the linear regression analysis.ConclusionsDowry practice and sexual and gender-based violence were the most significant factors contributing to child marriage acceptance in Central and South Sulawesi. There is a need to conduct interventions to prevent child marriage, including providing sexual and reproductive health education.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41256-022-00252-4.

This research is a type of quantitative descriptive research that uses a "correlational" research plan. This research aims to find out: (1) the Anthropometric level of Petanque athletes in South Sulawesi. (2) the hands-eyes coordination level of Petanque athletes in South Sulawesi, (3) the correlation between Anthropometrics and the pointing skills of Petanque athletes in South Sulawesi. The research population were petanque athletes in South Sulawesi with the total of 50 athletes, while the research samples were petanque athletes in South Sulawesi, totaling 25 female athletes. The data collection technique employed descriptive statistical analysis. The results of anthropometric of petanque athletes in South Sulawesi is in very poor category with a percentage of 0% (0 athletes), poor category by 32% (8 athletes), moderate category by 32% (8 athletes), good category by 24% (6 athletes), and very good category by 12% (3 athletes). Based on the average score, namely 105.04, the anthropometric result of petanque athletes in South Sulawesi is in moderate category. The hands-eyes coordination of petanque athletes in South Sulawesi is in very poor category with a percentage of 0% (0 athletes), poor category by 36% (9 athletes), moderate category by 36% (9 athletes), good category by 24% (6 athletes), and very good category by 4% (1 athlete). Based on the average score, namely 14.28 points, the result of hands-eyes coordination analysis of petanque athletes in South Sulawesi is in moderate category. The pointing skills of petanque athletes in South Sulawesi are in very poor category with a percentage of 4% (1 athlete), poor category by 36% (9 athletes), moderate category by 20% (5 athletes), good category by 40% (10 athletes), and very good category by 0% (0 athletes). Based on the average score, namely 10.72, the result of pointing skills analysis is in moderate category.

We collected data on the distribution of booted macaques (Macaco ochreata) in Faruhumpenai Nature Reserve in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, in order to assess its conservation status. Methodology included censuses conducted along piecewise linear transects established at two sites from April—July 2006. The total distance walked was 45 km for the Matano site, and 20 km for the Kasintuwu site. Group density of booted macaques at the Matano site was 0.97–1.56 per km2. At the Kasintuwu site, we encountered groups of booted macaques and Tonkean macaques (Macaca tonkeana), as well as mixed groups of tonkeana and ochreata. The group density of booted macaques was 1.45–2.00 per km2. Overall macaque group density (i.e., Macaca spp.) at this site was 3.25–4.00 per km2. Our study demonstrated that two species of Sulawesi macaques, M. tonkeana and M. ochreata, as well as mixed tonkeana-ochreata groups occur in the forests in and surrounding Faruhumpenai Nature Reserve. The results confirm a more extensive range of M. ochreata than was previously recognized; one that extends further north and northwest than the provincial boundary of south and southeast Sulawesi. The conservation status of booted macaques may, therefore, not be as precarious as previously thought, since their habitat is protected in not only two large conservation areas in Southeast Sulawesi (Rawa Aopa National Park and Tanjung Peropa Game Reserve), but also in South Sulawesi in the Faruhumpenai Nature Reserve. Nonetheless, because cacao is frequently planted on the borders of these protected forests, human-macaque conflict resulting from crop raiding may eventually pose a threat.

Sulawesi exhibits unique land characteristics as a result of complex geological and geomorphological processes. The information related to what extent of theseprocesses affect regional soil characteristics is still limited. An investigation was performed on cocoa farms from three major cocoa producers, i.e. South Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi. A research was done to point out the key variables contributing to cocoa soil characteristics. Soil survey was performed based on available local information to collect top soil composite samples, i.e. 0–30 cm depth, in the circle of cocoa stand within 50–75 cm radius. A routine soil analysis was done to evaluate soil texture, organic carbon (C), total nitrogen, K, Ca, Mg, soil pH (H2O), and some micronutrients, i.e. Fe, Cu, and Zn. To simplify the complexity, the multivariate data was submitted into principal component analysis (PCA). Additional mapping of soil variable gradient through inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation was included in the analysis to improve our interpretations. Data show that the variability for almost all investigated variables is high with coefficient of variation (CV) of up to about 118% for Fe. While low variability with CV about 10% was observed for soil pH (H2O). The PCA demonstrates that the first five principal components (PCs) account for 56.89% of variance in the original variables. Two factors to be considered to explain the variation in the PCs was soil texture and parent material. Further analyses exhibit an association of sand, silt, and clay fractions to Southeast, Central, and South Sulawesi. Mineral compositions, such as K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Zn, exhibit an important contribution to the parent material factor as they define the variability in the PCs. Additionally, the analysis of gradient maps may indicate the two physical environmental conditions, i.e. landform and geological setting, contribute to the specific characteristics of cocoa soil.

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the relationship between knowledge sharing factors, emotional intelligence and team conflict on the team performance during the inter-institutionalized collaboration work process.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted in South Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi Province’s hospitals. The study lasted for six months in 2017. The sampling was done by using cluster method and stratified random sampling, which was based on Hospital Type, level of Health Officers. These characteristics were considered to have represented quite heterogeneous information about the characteristics of health workers. Data analysis approach used in this study was partial least square (PLS) using WarpPLS software.FindingsBased on the results of data analysis, it can be concluded that there is a significant direct influence between emotional intelligence to knowledge management, emotional intelligence to team conflict, and emotional intelligence to team performance.Originality/valueSome previous research studies that have been done are by Hasanyl et al. (2015), Othman (2010), Sathitsemakul (2005), Nóra. Obermayer-Kovács (2014), Troth (2009), Leung (2010) and Luca and Tarricone (2001). The novelty of this research is on the effort to see the mediation of knowledge sharing, team conflict and structure mechanism to other variables developed in the research model.

The purpose of the study is to forecast the outflow and inflow of currency at Indonesian Central Bank or Bank Indonesia (BI) in Sulawesi Region. The currency outflow and inflow data tend to have a trend pattern which is influenced by calendar variation effects. Therefore, this research focuses to apply some forecasting methods that could handle calendar variation effects, i.e. Time Series Regression (TSR) and ARIMAX models, and compare the forecast accuracy with ARIMA model. The best model is selected based on the lowest of Root Mean Squares Errors (RMSE) at out-sample dataset. The results show that ARIMA is the best model for forecasting the currency outflow and inflow at South Sulawesi. Whereas, the best model for forecasting the currency outflow at Central Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi, and for forecasting the currency inflow at South Sulawesi and North Sulawesi is TSR. Additionally, ARIMAX is the best model for forecasting the currency outflow at North Sulawesi. Hence, the results show that more complex models do not neccessary yield more accurate forecast than the simpler one.

: The presence of Malay people in South Sulawesi indicated the beginning of its civilization development. They played a n important role in economy, politics , and religion. The trade navigation grew, connecting South Sulawesi with other parts of the archipelago. Gowa kingdom, then Makassar , was for the first time agrarian community and eventually developed to be maritime area when Malay people w ere appointed as harbor master s . In sixteenth century, South Sulawesi had changed drastically and led to its culmination in seventee n th century. At this time, South Sulawesi was very dominant in political role in the archipelago and even it took over the roles which were previously played by the W estern part of Indonesia. In this process, the role of Malay emigrants was very important , especially in developing civilization. Their strategies started in cultural development. In search of the early Islamization in South Sulawesi, it is not adequate to study the local condition only since Islam had developed in all over big civilized countries , such as Europe, Middle East , and Asia , included China. The navigation activities network had become global. The Islamic leaders’ authority at this time had been beyond the boundaries of the nations and even the continents. In addition to primary sources, this study also used mostly historiographical sources relating with Islamization in South Sulawesi. KEY WORDS : Malay people , emigrants , process of Islamization , Gowa kingdom , political role , developing civilization , and South Sulawesi . About the Author: Dr. Bambang Sulistyo is a Senior Lecturer at the History Department, Faculty of Humanities UNHAS (Hasanuddin University) in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. For academic purposes, he can be reached at: bambang5ulistyo@yahoo.com How to cite this article? Sulistyo, Bambang. (2014). “Malay Emigrants and Their Islamic Mission in South Sulawesi in 16 th to 17 th Century” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.6(1) October, pp.53-66. Bandung, Indonesia: Minda Masagi Press and UNHAS Makassar, ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (September 4, 2014); Revised (October 10, 2014); and Published (October 28, 2014).

Bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. o ryzae (Xoo) is an important rice disease, and has caused significant economic losses. This research aimed to determine the pathotype grouping and the distribution of Xoo isolates of South and Southeast Sulawesi. In order to obtain the information, 61 Xoo isolates of South Sulawesi and 29 isolates of Southeast Sulawesi were evaluated for their pathotype grouping against 5 diffential varieties. Research results showed that in South Sulawesi there were 2 pathotype groups, namely pathotype IV (32.79%) and pathotype VIII(67.21%). Pathotype VIII was widely distributed over the Western and Central areas of South Sulawesi, whereas pathotype IV was widely distributed over the Southern area. In Southeast Sulawesi, it was found 5 pathotypes, namely pathotypes IV (27.58%), VI (10.34%), VIII (13.79%), IX (20.68%), and X (27.58%), with a limited and scattered distribution pattern on several areas. These results indicate that Xoo pathotype groups in South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi are varied and tend to sift to more virulent pathotypes. Keywords: bacterial leaf blight, pathotype group, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

ABSTRACT: This article aimed to discuss the conflict between Bone Kingdom and the British Authority in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, during the period of 1812 through 1816. The political dynamics in Europe toward the end of the 18 th century and early 19 th century had affected the political dynamics in all areas of their colonies. In 1811, the Netherlands had to hand over their sovereignty over the Dutch Indies to the Britain, including South Sulawesi in March 1812. Before the British force arrived in Makassar, Bone Kingdom was the main Dutch ally and supporter in handling the political affairs in South Sulawesi. When the British force started to consolidate their position in South Sulawesi, the Kingdoms of Bone, Ternate, and Suppa refused to join forces nor to support the British authority. The result of the research also revealed that the Kingdom of Bone, which had so far a great role in the political affairs in South Sulawesi, was not invited to participate in the plan of the power transfer from the Dutch to the British authority. Therefore, Bone considered that the transfer of powers in South Sulawesi from the Dutch to the British was illegal and could not be recognized. This challenge by Bone, Ternate, and Suppa had made the British unable to control the whole territories which were used to be under the Dutch control, i.e. “Oostder Provincie” or the Eastern Province and “Noorder Provincie” or the Northern Province. During the British occupation, both Provinces was under the control of Bone; so, the British authority was concentrated in the City of Makassar. KEY WORDS: Kingdom of Bone, Britain, Rampegading palace, conflict, alliance, and Eastern Province and Northern Province in Sulawesi. About the Author: Dr. Abd Latif is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of History, Faculty of Humanities UNHAS (Hasanuddin University) in Makassar City, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. For academic purposes, the author can be contacted via his e-mail address at: latifunhas@hotmail.com How to cite this article? Latif, Abd. (2014). “The Conflict between Bone Kingdom and the British Authority in South Sulawesi, 1812-1816” in TAWARIKH: International Journal for Historical Studies , Vol.5(2) April, pp.145-160. Bandung, Indonesia: ASPENSI [Asosiasi Sarjana Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia] and UVRI [Universitas Veteran Republik Indonesia], ISSN 2085-0980. Chronicle of the article: Accepted (February 6, 2014); Revised (March 9, 2014); and Published (April 28, 2014).

This study aims to find an overview of the implementation of the teacher mobilization education program in South Sulawesi in terms of the principles of human resource development and continuous professional development of teachers. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative research with the Goal Free Evaluation Model (Scriven) method. This research was conducted in South Sulawesi Province to implement the 2020-2023 teacher education program, which the Ministry of Education and Culture organized through the assistance of the South Sulawesi Teacher Mobilization Center (BBGP). Collecting research data using a questionnaire (questionnaire), observation (observation), interviews, and document study. Data analysis includes reduction, display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The results of the study show that the journey of the Teacher Mobilization Education program in South Sulawesi from 2020 to 2023 has reached the 7th (seventh) batch. The target of implementing the PGP program teachers from batch 1 to batch 7 has reached 24 districts and cities in South Sulawesi, involving 2,400 participants. In the implementation of the teacher mobilization education program in South Sulawesi, it was revealed that the 12 principles of Human Resource Development and 16 principles of Continuing Professional Development of teachers received very high responses, namely at intervals of 80% -100% or were in a very appropriate category with the Teacher Mobilization Education program in South Sulawesi or it can be said that 12 principles of natural resource development and 16 principles of PKB teachers also exist in the implementation of the Teacher Mobilization Education program in South Sulawesi.

The increase in internet usage among the population in South Sulawesi prsesents a golden opportunity for accelerating digital transformation efforts. This can be leveraged to boost economic growth, particularly by maximizing the key sectors in South Sulawesi. The aim of this study is to analyze the spatial distrubution and perform clustering of the regencies/cities in South Sulawesi based on digital transformation indivators, as well as to determine the multiplier effect on other regions in Sulampua. The research method employed is quantitative, utilizing descriptive analysis and clustering analysis of regencies/cities in South Sulawesi with the K-Medoids method. The results show that spatially, the distribution of internet users, e-commerce users and SMEs using the internet have quite varied patterns and reveal a high disparity in service users among regencies/cities in South Sulawesi. Meanwhile, the clustering results indicate that the regencies/cities in South Sulawesi are balanced between cluster 1 and cluster 2, each consisting of 12 regencies/cities. It was found that cluster 2, which includes regencies and cities in South Sulawesi, has better variable values in almost all variables comparated to the regencies/cities in cluster 1. Generally, cluster 2 dominates all the variables used, while cluster 1 is only superior in the variable of the number of SMEs. The suggestions and policy recommendations for the government based on this study on the acceleration of digital transformation with spatial distribution and clustering analysis can help create on environment that supports sustainable digital economic growth. With coordinated and collaborative policy strategies, South Sulawesi can achieve significant acceration in digital transformation.

The increasing number of cases and the development of new variants of the Covid-19 virus globally including the territory of Indonesia, especially in the province of South Sulawesi are increasingly worrying and need to be prevented. Therefore, this study aims to develop a SEIR model on the spread of Covid-19 with vaccination control, optimal control analysis, stability analysis and numerical simulation of the SEIR model on the spread of Covid-19 in South Sulawesi. This study uses the SEIR epidemic model to predict the spread of Covid-19 in South Sulawesi Province with parameters such as birth rate, cure rate, mortality rate, interaction rate and vaccination. The SEIR model was chosen because it is one of the basic methods in the epidemiological model. The method used to build the model is a time delay model by considering the vaccination factor as a model parameter, model analysis using the next generation matrix method to determine the basic reproduction number and stability of the Covid-19 distribution model in South Sulawesi. Numerical model simulation using secondary data on the number of Covid-19 cases in South Sulawesi starting in 2021 which was obtained from the South Sulawesi Provincial Health Office. The results obtained are model analysis provides evidence of the existence of optimal control in the model. Based on the results obtained, it can also be seen that vaccination greatly influences the spread of Covid-19 in South Sulawesi, so that awareness is needed for the people of South Sulawesi to follow the government's recommendation to vaccinate to prevent or reduce the rate of transmission of Covid-19 in South Sulawesi.