Abstract
Clear windows onto emergent hadron mass (EHM) and modulations thereof by Higgs boson interactions are provided by observable measures of pion and kaon structure, many of which are accessible via generalised parton distributions (GPDs). Beginning with algebraic GPD Ansätze, constrained entirely by hadron-scale and K valence-parton distribution functions (DFs), in whose forms both EHM and Higgs boson influences are manifest, numerous illustrations are provided. They include the properties of electromagnetic form factors, impact parameter space GPDs, gravitational form factors and associated pressure profiles, and the character and consequences of all-orders evolution. The analyses predict that mass-squared gravitational form factors are stiffer than electromagnetic form factors; reveal that K pressure profiles are tighter than profiles, with both mesons sustaining near-core pressures at magnitudes similar to that expected at the core of neutron stars; deliver parameter-free predictions for and K valence, glue, and sea GPDs at the resolving scale GeV; and predict that at this scale the fraction of meson mass-squared carried by glue and sea combined matches that lodged with the valence degrees-of-freedom, with a similar statement holding for mass-squared radii.
Highlights
Uncovering the source of the vast bulk of visible mass in the Universe is one of the highest priorities in modern physics
Two questions define the heart of this problem [9]: how does a proton, built from three valence quarks whose masses are comparable to that of an electron, acquire a mass mp ≃ 1 GeV; and how does the pion, built from similar valence degrees-of-freedom, remain nearly massless? Within the Standard Model, the answers are expected to lie within quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and relate to the physical expressions of the scale anomaly in this theory
Of particular importance are the connections drawn between light-front wave functions (LFWFs), distribution amplitudes (DAs), and distribution functions (DFs)
Summary
Uncovering the source of the vast bulk of visible mass in the Universe is one of the highest priorities in modern physics. Of particular importance are the connections drawn between LFWFs, distribution amplitudes (DAs), and distribution functions (DFs) We benchmark our scheme by delivering predictions for all pion DFs (valence, glue and sea) and comparing the valence-quark DF with a modern analysis of relevant data [43, 44] This method of evolution enables us to calculate and report in Sec. VIII the meson mass-squared fractions carried by a given parton species at ζ = ζ2 := 2 GeV, the value typical of contemporary data-based fits to parton distribution functions, viz. This is followed by an appendix that contains supplementary remarks on LFWFs
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