Abstract
The fabrication of sensitive protein microarrays such as PCR used in DNA microarray is challenging due to lack of signal amplification. The development of microarrays is utilized to improve the sensitivity and limitations of detection towards primal cancer detection. The sensitivity is enhanced by the use of ZnO-nanorods and is investigated as a substrate which enhance the florescent signal to diagnose the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at early stages. The substrate for deposition of ZnO-nanorods is prepared by the conventional chemical bath deposition method. The resultant highly dense ZnO-nanorods enhance the fluorescent signal 7.2 times as compared to the substrate without ZnO-nanorods. The microarray showed sensitivity of 1504.7 ng ml−1 and limit of detection of 0.1 pg ml−1 in wide dynamic range of 0.05 pg-10 μg ml−1 for alpha fetoprotein (AFP) detection in 10% human serum. This immunoassay was successfully applied for human serum samples to detect tumor marker with good recoveries. The ZnO-nanorod substrate is a simple protein microarray which showed a great promise for developing a low-cost, sensitive, and high-throughput protein assay platform for several applications in both fundamental research and clinical diagnosis.
Highlights
Liver is a vital body organ involved in the detoxification of metabolites, protein synthesis, and production of biochemical which are important for digestion
The observed enhancement in florescence is related to the change in density of photonic mode of ZnO-nanorods [25]. This suggests that the spots with high intensity and uniform size were obtained from ZnO-nanorod modified glass slide which can be helpful for wide dynamic range detection of alpha fetoprotein
The protein microarray was fabricated using ZnO-nanorods synthesized by the chemical bath method
Summary
Liver is a vital body organ involved in the detoxification of metabolites, protein synthesis, and production of biochemical which are important for digestion. Dorfman et al reported the use of ZnO nanoscale material for enhancement in fluorescence detection of protein [15] They established four types of microarrays: (i) direct ZnO nanorods, (ii) stripped ZnO arrays (ii), open square arrays, (iv) and filled square arrays, with physical adsorption of protein on microarrays. Zhao et al use ZnO nanorod arrays and in situ zeoliticimidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) coating for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen [17] They investigated fluorescence enhancement characteristic of the ZIF-8 towards organic fluorescence and successfully applied it to protein marker detection. A novel reusable ZnO-nanorod grown substrate has been developed which detect AFP in human serum and demonstrate comparative lower detection limits without use of any amplification tag
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