Retrospective Cohort Study of Sickle Cell Disease and Large Vessel Retinal Vascular Occlusion Risk in a National United States Database

Abstract

To determine if differences exist in the risk of developing large vessel retinal vascular occlusions in patients with sickle cell states. Retrospective cohort study. Patients with sickle cell disease or trait evaluated by an ophthalmologist were compared to matched controls without sickle cell disease or trait also evaluated by an ophthalmologist. This study used deidentified data from a national database (2006-2024), using International Classification of Diseases 10 codes to select for retinal vascular occlusions. Propensity score matching was performed with respect to age, sex, race, ethnicity, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemias, and obesity, resulting in HbSS, HbSC, and sickle cell trait (SCT) cohorts and matched control cohorts. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of retinal vascular occlusion diagnosis, including central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO), central retinal venous occlusion (CRVO), branch retinal venous occlusion (BRVO), and corneal dystrophy as a negative control, given sickle cell disease or trait. After propensity score matching, HbSS (n=10,802, mean ± standard deviation age of 38.6 ± 20.6 years), HbSC (n=4,296, 34.3 ± 17.8 years), and SCT (n=15,249, 39.8 ± 23.7 years) cohorts were compared to control cohorts (n=10,802, 38.7 ± 20.7 years; n=4,296, 34.6 ± 18.0 years; n=15,249, 39.9 ± 23.8 years, respectively). Patients with sickle cell disease (HbSS) had higher risk of developing any retinal vascular occlusion (RR 2.33; 95% CI 1.82-3.00), CRAO (RR 2.71; 95% CI 1.65-4.47) and BRAO (RR 4.90; 95% CI 2.48-9.67) than matched controls. Patients with HbSC disease had higher risk (RR 3.14; 95% CI 1.95-5.06) of developing any retinal vascular occlusion than matched controls without sickle cell disease. Patients with sickle cell trait did not have higher risk of developing retinal vascular occlusions (RR 1.01; 95% CI 0.81-1.26) than matched controls. In a retrospective cohort study, patients with HbSS sickle cell disease have an increased risk of developing retinal vascular occlusions, and more specifically CRAO and BRAO compared to patients without sickle cell disease.