Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes Following Percutaneous Cholecystostomy for Acute Cholecystitis

Abstract

Percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) is often performed for patients with acute cholecystitis who are too high risk for cholecystectomy. The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcomes of this cohort of patients over a 5-year period. A retrospective analysis of all patients treated with PC for acute cholecystitis in atertiary centre teaching hospitalwas conducted. The study period ranged from January 2010 to December 2015. Clinical data were extracted from the hospitals' electronic database system, as well as reviewing clinical notes and imaging reports.The aims of this study were to detect the reason PC was undertaken as opposed to surgery, the subsequent definitive management of patients initially treated with PC,the incidence of common bile duct stones (CBDS), the complications from PC,and the 30-day mortality. A total of 96 patients were identified. The total number of patients with CBDSwas 27 (28.1%).Fourteen (14.6%) patients were shown to have CBDS on initial imaging. CBDS was detected in 12 patients (12.5%) at cholangiogram during their PC procedure. One patient had CBDS detected during a check cholangiogram at 6weeks, which was not seen on initial imaging. Twenty-eight patients (29.2%) underwent an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), during their index admission. The main reasons for PC were a high American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) score (49%), sepsis requiring organ support (19.8%), empyema of thegallbladder (29.1%), failed external biliary drainage for biliary obstruction (2.1%), and concomitant palliative malignancy (5.2%). Interval cholecystectomy was performed in 24 patients (25%). The total 30-day in-hospital mortality was 16.7%. PC is an effective and safe alternative as salvage therapy in high-risk elderly patients who have multiple comorbidities. It is valuable as a temporising measure before definitive treatment in high-risk patients. A high index of suspicion for CBDS (and further imaging with MRCP or a check cholangiogram) is warranted to detect missed CBDS. This is particularly relevant in this vulnerable group of patients where CBDS may represent a future source of recurrent sepsis.